Continuous Emission Monitoring. James A. Jahnke

Figure 2‐5 U.S. utility sector SO₂ emission reductions 1990–2019.Figure 2‐6 CEM systems and enforcement policy.

      3 Chapter 3Figure 3‐1 A hot/wet CEM system without sample conditioning.Figure 3‐2 A cool/dry CEM system with conditioning at the probe.Figure 3‐3 A cool/dry CEM system with conditioning at the CEM system shelter...Figure 3‐4 (a) A simple probe filter. (b) Sintered filter with a baffle plat...Figure 3‐5 A course filter assembly mounted outside of the stack.Figure 3‐6 The inertial filter.Figure 3‐7 An externally mounted inertial filter.Figure 3‐8 An umbilical assembly external to the stack.Figure 3‐9 Umbilical line cross section for a dilution extractive system.Figure 3‐10 Impinger (laminar heat exchanger) used with a Peltier cooling sy...Figure 3‐11 Refrigerated condenser moisture removal system with a secondary ...Figure 3‐12 A Nafion^™ dryer assembly.Figure 3‐13 A diaphragm pump.Figure 3‐14 The ejector pump or eductor.Figure 3‐15 A cool/dry extractive system for monitoring CO.Figure 3‐16 A close‐coupled extractive systems.Figure 3‐17 An in‐situ (in‐stack) dilution probe CEM system.Figure 3‐18 An external dilution CEM system.Figure 3‐19 The in‐stack EPM dilution probe.Figure 3‐20 Example of a redundant dilution air cleanup system.Figure 3‐21 An in‐situ dilution probe extractive system.Figure 3‐22 External dilution system with cross‐piece dilution unit.Figure 3‐23 Dilution system with modular block dilution unit.Figure 3‐24 STI external dilution system design.Figure 3‐25 Principal factors causing changes in dilution systems.Figure 3‐26 Pressure dependence of the critical orifice dilution system.Figure 3‐27 Example of a wet flue gas being diluted with dry air.Figure 3‐28a Parker‐Hannifin NeSSI interconnection system.Figure 3‐28b Circor NeSSI interconnection system.Figure 3‐28c Swagelok NeSSI interconnection system.Figure 3‐29 Example of a miniature modular CEM system.

      4 Chapter 4Figure 4‐1 An oscillating electric field and its wavelength.Figure 4‐2 The electromagnetic spectrum for continuous emission monitoring a...Figure 4‐3 Example of normal vibrations of the SO₂ molecule.Figure 4‐4 A typical transmission spectrum.Figure 4‐5 A typical absorption spectrum.Figure 4‐6 Energy‐level diagram for a molecule.Figure 4‐7 Infrared vibrational–rotational transmittance spectrum for SO₂.Figure 4‐8 Example system for measuring pollutant gas concentrations.Figure 4‐9 Calibration plot for the Beer–Lambert relation.Figure 4‐10 Three regimes of light scattering. (a) Rayleigh scattering r/λ...Figure 4‐11 Mie scattering. Destructive and constructive interference of lig...Figure 4‐12 Light scattering from large particles (r/λ ≥1) where geomet...Figure 4‐13 A White multipath gas cell.Figure 4‐14 A Herriott multipath gas cell.Figure 4‐15 Integrated cavity output spectrometer (ICOS).Figure 4‐16 Constructing a spectrophotometer.

      5 Chapter 5Figure 5‐1 A simple nondispersive infrared analyzer.Figure 5‐2 Operation of an NDIR analyzer using a pneumatic sensor with the d...Figure 5‐3 A fast scan of the absorption curve.Figure 5‐4 A photoacoustic analyzer.Figure 5‐5 An extractive system gas filter correlation (GFC) analyzer for mo...Figure 5‐6 Absorption principles in the GFC, NDIR technique. (a) gas filter ...Figure 5‐7 Gas filter correlation CO analyzer with folded path.Figure 5‐8 Cavity ring‐down spectrometer.Figure 5‐9 Build‐up and decay of light intensity in a cavity with high‐refle...Figure 5‐10 Off‐axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS) sample cel...Figure 5‐11 Infrared absorption spectrum of a combustion gas sample.Figure 5‐12 A typical interferogram obtained by an FTIR spectrometer.Figure 5‐13 Schematic diagram of the basic FTIR spectrometer.Figure 5‐14 Reference measurement interference pattern. Intensity at the det...Figure 5‐15 Sample measurement interference pattern. Intensity at the detect...Figure 5‐16 The UV–visible spectrum of SO₂ and NO₂.Figure 5‐17 Operation of a single‐beam dual‐wavelength differential absorpti...Figure 5‐18 UV single‐gas analyzer measurement schematic.Figure 5‐19 Gas filter correlation multi‐gas analyzer with filter wheel.Figure 5‐20 A diode‐array spectrometer.Figure 5‐21 Differential optical absorption techniques. (a) Optical filters....Figure 5‐22 Energy levels and fluorescence emission.Figure 5‐23 Fluorescence in SO₂.Figure 5‐24 Operation of a typical SO₂ fluorescence analyzer.Figure 5‐25 The chemiluminescent emission spectrum of NO₂*.Figure 5‐26 Operation of an chemiluminescence analyzer. Measurement of sampl...Figure 5‐27 Operation of a chemiluminescence analyzer. Measurement of sample...Figure 5‐28 NO _x differential method.Figure 5‐29 Operation of an electrochemical transducer designed to measure S...Figure 5‐30 Construction of an electrochemical cell.Figure