suggestions are welcome for improvements in future editions. We are very thankful to the well-versed contributors who accepted our invitation and contributed chapters despite the hardships created by the pandemic. Moreover, we extend our sincere thanks to the entire team at Wiley, especially Kerry Powell, Rebecca Ralf, and Camille Bramall, for their invaluable suggestions and constant help in accomplishing this project and its publication.
Dr. Mohammad Abass Ahanger
Dr. Parvaiz Ahmad
List of Contributors
Altaf Ahmad Department of Botany Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh Uttar Pradesh India
Muhammad Ashraf The University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan
Mehtab Muhammad Aslam Center for Plant Water Use and Nutrition Regulation College of Life Sciences Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crops Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou Fujian China
Habib-ur-Rehman Athar Institute of Pure and Applied Biology Bhauddin Zakria University Multan Pakistan
Ester Badiani Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici Agroalimentari e Forestali Università della Tuscia Viterbo Italy
Maurizio Badiani Dipartimento di Agraria Università Mediterraneadi Reggio Calabria Loc. Feo di Vito Reggio Calabria Italy
Sagar Bag Laboratory of Microbial Interaction School of Biotechnology Presidency University Kolkata West Bengal India
Avishek Banik Laboratory of Microbial Interaction School of Biotechnology Presidency University Kolkata West Bengal India
Renu Bhardwaj Plant Stress Physiology Lab Department of Botanical and Environment Sciences Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab India
Priti Chauhan Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology Banasthali Vidyapith Rajasthan India
Mario Ciaffi Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici Agroalimentari e Forestali Università della Tuscia Viterbo Italy
Loitongbam Lorinda Devi National Institute of Plant Genome Research Aruna Asaf Ali Marg New Delhi India
Debjani Dutta Department of Plant Physiology Faculty of Agriculture Bidhan Chandra KrishiViswavidyalaya Mohanpur Nadia West Bengal India
Padmanabh Dwivedi Department of Plant Physiology Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi Uttar Pradesh India
Kaneez Fatima Department of Life Sciences University of Management and Technology (UMT) Johar Town Lahore Pakistan
Abah Felix Crop Protection College Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou Fujian China
Arajmand Frukh Department of Botany School of Chemical and Life Sciences Jamia Hamdard New Delhi India
Shreya Gupta National Institute of Plant Genome Research Aruna Asaf Ali Marg New Delhi India
Asma Imran National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering – Campus Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C-PIEAS) Faisalabad Pakistan
Yachana Jha N.V. Patel College of Pure and Applied Sciences CVM University Vallabh Vidyanagar Nagar Anand Gujarat India
Snehashis Karmakar Department of Plant Physiology Faculty of Agriculture Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya Mohanpur Nadia West Bengal India
Harsimran Kaur Plant Protection Division PG Department of Agriculture Khalsa College Amritsar Punjab India
Mushtaq Ahmad Khah Department of Botany Shri JJT University Jhunjhunu Rajasthan India
Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli Plant Protection Division PG Department of Agriculture Khalsa College Amritsar Punjab India
Plant Stress Physiology Lab
Department of Botanical and
Environment Sciences
Guru Nanak Dev University
Amritsar
Punjab
India
Asha Kumari ICAR-Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan Almora Uttarakhand India
Saima Liaqat Department of Botany School of Chemical and Life Sciences Jamia Hamdard New Delhi India
Rayees Ahmad Mir School of Studies in Botany Jiwaji University Gwalior India
Anupam Mondal Laboratory of Microbial Interaction School of Biotechnology Presidency University Kolkata West Bengal India
Sananda Mondal Department of Crop Physiology Institute of Agriculture Visva-Bharati Sriniketan Birbhum West Bengal India
Anna Rita Paolacci Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici Agroalimentari e Forestali Università della Tuscia Viterbo Italy
Stefania Pasqualini Dipartimento di Chimica Biologia e Biotecnologie Università di Perugia Perugia Italy
Fozia Sardar National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering – Campus Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C-PIEAS) Faisalabad Pakistan
Iffat Shaheen College of Agriculture Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan
Binny Sharma Department of Plant Physiology Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi Uttar Pradesh India
Amar Pal Singh National Institute of Plant Genome Research Aruna Asaf Ali Marg New Delhi India
Bansh Narayan Singh Department of Plant Physiology Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi Uttar Pradesh India
Agostino Sorgonà Dipartimento di Agraria Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria Loc. Feo di Vito Reggio Calabria Italy
Muhammad Waseem Horticulture South China Agricultural University Guangzhou China
Rinukshi Wimalasekera Department of Botany Faculty of Applied Sciences University of Sri Jayewardenepura Gangodawila Nugegoda Sri Lanka
Mobina Ulfat Department of Botany Lahore College for Women University Lahore Pakistan
Zafar Ullah Zafar Institute of Pure and Applied Biology Bhauddin Zakria University Multan Pakistan
1 Nitric Oxide: A Dynamic Signaling Molecule Under Plant Stress
Asha Kumari1, Binny Sharma2, Bansh Narayan Singh2, and Padmanabh Dwivedi2
1ICAR-Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
2Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
1.1 Introduction
Nitrogen monoxide, often known as nitric oxide, is a physiologically active chemical that is widely used in animal and plant signaling mechanisms. In plants and animals, it is an intracellular and intercellular signaling molecule with a variety of regulatory roles. Its functions in the central nervous, cardiovascular, and immunological systems, platelet inhibition, programmed cell death, and host responses to infection, among other things, have been