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Core Microbiome


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associated with aerial parts of plants have been known as epiphytes [87]. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteriodetes, and Firmicutes are consistent microbial phylotypes [88]. 16S rRNA sequencing has provided information about important phyllosphere colonizing bacteria, including diazotrophic and methylotrophic bacteria viz., Beijerinckia and Methylobacterium that consume nitrogen and methanol compounds, respectively [89]. Methylobacterium, Sphingomonas, and Pseudomonas are the most dominant genera in the phyllosphere microbial diversity, which possess specific adaptation factors to the phyllosphere [90,91]. For instance, the Sphingomonas spp. manage to survive in a nutrient-deficient environment by metabolizing many carbon sources [90]. Similarly, Pseudomonas spp. can move at auspicious sites by using flagellar motility [92]. The most enriched fungal communities in the phyllosphere are Ascomycota and basidiomycetous yeasts, and the most common genera are Cladosporium, Aureobasidium, and Taphrina [85].

      2.4.2 Biocontrol Mechanism in the Phyllosphere

      2.4.2.1 Competition

      2.4.2.2 Parasitism

      2.4.2.3 Antagonism

      2.4.2.4 Induced Systemic Resistance

      2.4.3 Plant Disease Management

      2.5 Conclusion and Prospects

      References

      1 1 Kumar, V., Prasad, R., Kumar, M., and Choudhary, D.K., (eds). (2019). Microbiome in Plant Health and Disease: Challenges and Opportunities. Springer. Aug 10.

      2 2 Hammonds, K., Trivedi, P., Garg, A., Janitz, C., Grinyer, J., Holford, P., Botha, F.C., Anderson, I.C., and Singh, B.K. (2018). Field study reveals core plant microbiota and the relative importance of their drivers. Environmental Microbiology