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Core Microbiome


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sativa flowers, which are the site for cannabinoid biosynthesis, recognized the enzyme involved in cannabinoid biosynthesis, i.e., polyketide synthase, which is responsible for olivetolic acid (and acyl-activating enzyme). Integrated transcriptomics and genetic techniques proposed the presence of a cluster of the gene responsible for alkaloid synthesis in the opium poppy genome (Winzer et al. 2012). Apx1, gene encoding cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase 1 has the characteristics of tolerance to drought and heat stress in Arabidopsis. Three genes of ectoine (compatible osmolyte for salt tolerance) required for biosynthesis were cloned and transferred to tobacco plant Nicotiana tabacum L. bright yellow 2 cv. (Koussevitzky et al. 2007). These three genes are used to enhance tolerance to hyperosmotic shock by the accumulation of ectoine as a result of which normal growth occurs under harsh conditions (Nakayama et al. 2000). Identification and selection of these genes are important processes for introduction into new cultivar to increase the resistance against drought and saline stress. The transcription factor, MsCBF3, could be expressed for the induction of stress tolerance in sensitive genotypes (Purdy et al. 2013). Non-targeted metabolomics analysis results coincide with linking genes function with metabolites, resulting in mutants containing glycosyltransferase and methyltransferase. The genes responsible for the biosynthetic pathway could be characterized and integrated for metabolic profiling, helpful in understanding the stress mechanism in medicinal plants.

      3.5.1.2 Phytochemical Genomics in Medicinal Plants

      3.5.2 Proteomics

      In studying the expression of plant stress response, protein profiling is important as it directly reflects phenotypic traits. It was also helpful in determining the physiological and metabolic pathway and plant–microbe protein interaction. Comparative analysis of non-stressed stress and target proteins associated with plant–microbe interaction can help identify target proteins and networks (Karthik et al. 2014). The differences in the metabolic pathway among microbes make them more responsive toward stress conditions. The meta-proteome analysis and resolution technique are relatively difficult. The extraction and analysis of meta-proteome data could provide significant output and give a better response among organisms toward stresses. The haloarchea and halobacteria are getting much attention due to their ability to thrive under high salinity stress. Under in situ conditions, culturing of these organisms is used to persuade effective metabolites to impart tolerance against stress. GC-MS/MS protein profiling was used for Araucaria angustifolia at the embryogenic stage to figure out large-scale protein identification against cold-tolerance. About 106 differentially expressed protein data were collected from the blocked type and stress response varieties (Dos Santos et al. 2016). The ginsenosides protein samples were taken from hairy roots of ginseng and proteome analysis predicted that about 20% of selected proteins originated from energy metabolism and stress response (Nam et al. 2005). Milky sap isolated from C. majus L. produced different types of protein signals such as a nucleic acid-binding protein that could be favorable under stress conditions (Nawrot et al. 2013). Moreover, aldolase, G3P dehydrogenase, and enolase were also identified as isotypes during the analysis (Nam et al. 2005).

      3.6 Medicinal Plants: Plant- and Microbe-Derived Ingredients

Bioactive compound Therapeutic properties Host plant Producing microorganism References
Cochliodinol Antibacterial, antimycotic, anticancer Salvia officinalis Chaetomium sp. Debbab et al. (2009)
Botryorhodines Antimycotic, anticancer Bidens pilosa Botryosphaeria rhodina Abdou et al. (2010)
Phomol Antiphlogistic, antibacterial