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Core Microbiome


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azadirachtins and related tetranortriterpenoids [50]. Recently, endophytic microbes have been on the verge of increased investigation due to their close interaction with the host [34]; it is assumed that the phytochemical constituents of plants are related, however, directly or indirectly, to endophytic microorganisms and their associations with host plants [20,35].

Genus (former name) of Endophytic fungi Parts of neem tree References
Trichoderma Root, seed, leaf, bark, flower
Verticillium Root [51,53]
Humicola Flower [51,53]
Chloridium Root [51]
Nigrospora Root, seed, leaf, bark
Scytalidium, Penicillium Root [51]
Aspergillus Root, seed, leaf, bark, flower
Alternaria, Drechslera Flower [50,51]
Phoma Leaf [53]
Periconia Bark [50,53]
Stenella Bark [50]
Cercinella Root [51]

      1.4 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR): Biological Management of Plant Pathogens

      1.5 Conclusion

      The rhizosphere of many plants is known to be a potential source for selecting good microorganisms that may affect plant health. PGPR offer an excellent substitute for environmental-friendly biological control of plant-pathogen and amelioration of the cropping systems into which they can be most beneficially applied. The role of medicinal plants and their endophytic microbiota in producing plant antimicrobial compounds is concerned with plant health and remedial applications. The production of antimicrobial bioactive compounds by endophytes is currently receiving urgent concern due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens. Indeed, the study of medicinal plants especially neem and their endophyte interaction is a flourishing prospect to develop sustainable methods to restrain human and plant pathogens. Therefore, more work on endophytes of medicinal plants for their antioxidant activities can impose a strong effect on the search for novel bioactive compounds.

      References

      1 1 Chitme, H.R., Chandra, R., and Kaushik, S. (2003). Studies on antidiarrheal activity of Calotropis gigantea R. Br. in experimental animals. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 7: 70–75.

      2 2 Kim, H.S. (2005). Do not put too much value on conventional medicines. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 100 (1–2): 37–39.

      3 3 Cowan, M.M. (1999). Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 12 (4): 564–582.

      4 4 Kalemba, D. and Kunicka, A. (2003). Antibacterial and antifungal properties of essential oils. Current Medicinal Chemistry 10 (10): 813–829.

      5 5 Kharwar, R.N., Sharma, V.K., Mishra, A., Kumar, J., Singh, D.K., Verma, S.K., Gond, S.K., Kumar, A., Kaushik, N., and Revuru, B. (2020). Harnessing the phytotherapeutic treasure troves of the ancient medicinal plant Azadirachta indica (Neem) and associated endophytic microorganisms. Planta Medica 86: 906–940.

      6 6 Chattopadhyay, R.R., Chattopadhyay, R.N., and Maitra, S.N. (1993). Possible mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of Azadirachta indica leaf extract. Indian Journal of pharmacology 25: 99–100.

      7 7 Brahmachari, G. (2004). Neem-an omnipotent plant: A retrospection. Chem Biochem 5: 408–421.

      8 8 Jalaluddin, M., Rajasekaran, U.B., Paul, S., Dhanya, R.S., Sudeep, C.B., and Adarsh, V.J. (2017). Comparative evaluation of neem mouthwash on plaque and gingivitis: A double-blind crossover study. The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 18: 567–571.

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