EIGHTEEN: Acquired Disorders of Reading and Writing Acquired Disorders of Reading and Writing Pure Alexia/Letter‐by‐Letter Reading Surface Dyslexia Phonological Dyslexia Deep Dyslexia Concluding Comments References CHAPTER NINETEEN: Developmental Dyslexia Developmental Dyslexia Definition of Developmental Dyslexia Common Features of Dyslexia Prevalence of Developmental Dyslexia Sex Differences in Developmental Dyslexia Common Co‐Occurring Conditions Operational Definitions of Dyslexia Multifactor Models Leveraging Developmental Research Methodologies to Advance Understanding about Dyslexia Screening for Early Identification The Role of Assistive Technology for Individuals with Dyslexia Improving Operational Definitions Acknowledgments References CHAPTER TWENTY: Comorbidity of Reading Disorders Comorbidity of Dyslexia and Co‐Occurring Disorders Prevalence of Dyslexia Comorbidities Models of Dyslexia Models of Comorbidity Comorbidities between Dyslexia and Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders Clinical and Educational Implications References CHAPTER TWENTY ONE: Learning to Read with a Language or Hearing Impairment The Language Basis of Reading Children with Language Impairment: Who Are They? Reading Development in Children with Language Impairment Children with Hearing Loss Summary and Conclusions References
13 PART VI: Biological and Social Correlates of Reading CHAPTER TWENTY TWO: The Genetics of Dyslexia Dyslexia Is a Complex Phenotype Reading Abilities are Highly Heritable Searching for “Dyslexia Genes” From Genes to Function: Neuronal Migration and Cilia The GWAS Era GWAS for Dyslexia and Reading Abilities Rare Variants Polygenic Risk Scores Conclusions Acknowledgments References CHAPTER TWENTY THREE: Genetic and Environmental Influences on Learning to Read Overview of Behavior Genetic Methods Genetic and Environmental Influences on Reading Reading (Dis)ability Multivariate Analyses Developmental Studies Specific Environments and Gene‐Environment Interplay Conclusion and Future Directions References CHAPTER TWENTY FOUR: The Neurobiology of Literacy The Methods of Modern Neuroscience The Neural Circuitry of Skilled Reading Development of the Brain’s Reading Circuitry Neurobiological Differences in Developmental Dyslexia Conclusions References
14 Glossary
15 Index
List of Tables
1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Properties and functions of phonology during word identification...Table 1.2 Examples of adaptations of writing systems to language features
2 Chapter