Новые законы робототехники. Апология человеческих знаний в эпоху искусственного интеллекта
for Derivatives (April 2011), 16, 16П77, 24, https://www.sec.gov/news/studies/2011/719b-study.pdf.
28
John Markoff, “The Creature That Lives in Pittsburgh,” New York Times, April 21, 1991, http://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/21/business/ the-creature-that-lives-in-pittsburgh.html?pagewanted=all; Rodney Brooks, Flesh and Machines: Ноъо Robots Will Change Us (New York: Pantheon, 2002).
29
См.: Джон Маркофф, Homo Roboticus?Люди и машины в поисках взаимопонимания (Москва: Альпина нон-фикшн, 2017), где описывается первопроходческая работа в области ИИ Дага Энгельбарта и многих его последователей. См. также: Doug Engelbart, Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework (Washington, DC: Air Force Office of Scientific Research, 1962).
30
Marc Andreessen, “Why Software Is Eating the World,” Wall Street Journal, August 20, 2011, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1ooo1424053111903480904576512250915629460..
31
Ryan Calo, “Robotics and the Lessons of Cyberlaw,” California Law Review 103, no. 3 (2015): 513–563.
32
Ian Kerr, “Bots, Babes and the Californication of Commerce,” Ottawa Law and Technology Journal 1 (2004): 285–325.
33
Rachel Lerman, “Be Wary of Robot Emotions; ‘Simulated Love Is Never Love,’ ” Phys.org, April 26, 2019, https://phys.org/news/2019-04-wary-r0b0t-em0ti0ns-simulated.html.
34
Natasha Dow Schull, Addiction by Design: Machine Gambling in Las Vegas (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014); Ryan Calo, “Digital Market Manipulation,” George Washington Law Review 82 (2014): 995; Neil Richards, “The Dangers of Surveillance,” Harvard Law Review 126 (2019): 1934.
35
Mark Andrejevic, “Automating Surveillance,” Surveillance and Society 17 (2019): 7.
36
Neil Selwyn, Distrusting Educational Technology: Critical Questions for Changing Times (New York: Routledge, 2014).
37
Laurence H. Tribe, Channeling Technology through Law (Chicago: Bracton, 1973).
38
Deborah G. Johnson, “The Role of Ethics in Science and Technology,” Cell 29 (2010): 589–590; Deborah G.Johnson, “Software Agents, Anticipatory Ethics, and Accountability,” in “The Growing Gap between Emerging Technologies and Legal-Ethical Oversight, eds. Gary E. Marchant, Braden R. Allenby, and Joseph R. Herkert (New York: Spring, 2011), 61–76; Ari Ezra Waldman, Privacy as Trust (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018).
39
Mary Flanagan and Helen Nissenbaum, Values at Play in Digital Games (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2014).
40
См., например: Ann Cavoukian, “Privacy by Design: The 7 Foundational Principles,” Office of the Information and Privacy Commissioner of Canada (2009).
41
Дополнительную информацию по вопросам конфиденциальности, возникающим в связи с роботами и предсказательной аналитикой, см. в: Drew Simshaw, Nicolas Terry, Kris Hauser, and M. L. Cummings, “Regulating Healthcare Robots: Maximizing Opportunities while Minimizing Risks,” Richmond Journal of Law and Technology 27, no. 3 (2016): 1-38, 3. Об интеграции права и принципов проектирования с целью эффективного извещения см.: Ari Ezra Waldman, “Privacy, Notice, and Design,” Stanford Technology Law Review 21, no. 1 (2018): 129–184.
42
Эту стратегию аргументации Хуфнегл называет «карточной колодой отрицателей». См.: Christopher Jay Hoofnagle, “The Denialists’ Deck of Cards: An Illustrated Taxonomy of Rhetoric Used to Frustrate Consumer Protection Efforts,” ScienceBlogs, February 9, 2007, https:// scienceblogs.com/denialism/the- denialists- deck- of- cards.
43
Frank Pasquale, “Technology, Competition, and Values,” Minnesota Journal of Law, Science, and Technology 8 (2007): 607–622; Peter Asaro, “Jus Nascendi, Robotic Weapons and the Martens Clause,” in Robot Law, eds. Ryan Calo, A. Michael Froomkin, and Ian Kerr (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2016), 367–386.
44
Frank Pasquale, “Technology, Competition, and Values,” Minnesota Journal of Law, Science, and Technology 8 (2007): 607–622.
45
См., например: Kenneth Anderson and Matthew C. Waxman, “Law and Ethics for Autonomous Weapon Systems: Why a Ban Won’t Work and How the Laws of War Can,” Hoover Institution Stanford University Task Force on XationalSecurity and Law (2013), где дается ответ на кампанию «Остановить роботов-убийц» (Campaign to Stop Killer Robots).
46
P. W. Singer, Wiredfor War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21st Century (New York: Penguin, 2009), 435.
47
Ray Kurzweil, The Age of Spiritual Machines (New York: Penguin, 1999).
48
Rebecca Crootof, “A Meaningful F100r for Meaningful Human Control,” Temple International and Comparative Law Journal 30 (2016): 53–62; Paul Scharre, “Centaur Warfighting: The False Choice of Humans vs. Automation,” Temple International and Comparative Law Journal 30 (2016): 151–166.
49
Jeffrey L. Caton, Autonomous Weapon Systems: A Brief Survey of Developmental, Operational, Legal, and Ethical Issues (Carlisle, PA: US Army War College Press, 2015); Liang Qiao and Xiangsui Wang, Unrestricted Warfare: China’s Master Plan to Destroy America, trans. Al Santoli (Panama City: Pan American Publishing, 2000).
50
Проекты по анализу лиц, упомянутые в этом абзаце, критикуются в работе: Frank Pasquale, “When Machine Learning is Facially Invalid,” Communications of the ACM 61, no. 9 (2018): 25–27.
51
David Castlevecchi, “Can We Open the Black Box of Al?” Scientific American, October 5, 2016, https://www.scientificamerican.com/ article/can-we-open-the-black-box-of-ai/.