the control of consumption of fuel and energy resources:
– automatic monitoring of fuel and energy resources consumption;
– analysis of fuel discharge cases;
– assessment of the directions of saving fuel and energy resources and the development of a system for building energy-efficient traffic schedules depending on the current state of the infrastructure;
– determination and analysis of the train driving style by drivers;
– monitoring of stop periods.
5) IoT is also used to ensure the safety of personnel at work. As part of this, it is carried out:
– online monitoring of the driver’s current condition using sensors embedded in wristbands to prevent emergencies;
– monitoring the presence of personnel in permitted/prohibited areas;
– notification of the approach of mobile units to the area where workers are located with the transmission of signals by warning devices based on satellite navigation.
6) IoT is used to provide additional services to passengers:
– provision of self-service services to passengers to purchase tickets and offer additional services of interest;
– remote control of information boards and panels on passenger infrastructure and rolling stock for passengers to receive relevant and important information;
– providing access to the Internet.
7) The use of IoT for the implementation of intermodal transportation and transportation of dangerous goods (hereinafter referred to as OG) is intended to implement the following functions:
– ensuring high accuracy and efficiency of data on the positioning of containers and wagons with OG;
– control of the integrity of the container or wagon with exhaust gas;
– control of delivery time;
– monitoring of «abandoned» containers or wagons with exhaust
8) The use of IoT to evaluate the efficiency of operation and determine the cost of downtime is aimed at:
– optimizing the turnover time / size of the composition;
– determining the cost of downtime and invoicing;
– documentation of punctuality.
In European countries, the ERTMS system is used to improve traffic safety and control the movement of rolling stock on the site. The operation of this system is based on the principle of preventing train collisions by accurately positioning and controlling trains based on the calculation of the distance «to the target». The implementation of this technology is based on the information interaction of ground sensors, which promptly send data to the train cabin about the final goal and speed, as well as a description of the configuration and condition of infrastructure elements. Based on the analysis of data on the forward train, the speed and mode of train driving are adjusted.
The use of IoT and information about the location and condition of economic trains in the process of construction and repair work will ensure dispatching regulation not according to the standard, but according to the actual condition. There will also be automatic transmission of information about identified potentially dangerous failures and a warning about the necessary measures (speed limit, application for work, etc.) will be generated to prevent the transition of this failure in case of a traffic safety violation.
1.2.2 IoT in auto transport
An analysis of the use of IoT on various types of transport indicates that this technology has received the greatest development and scaling in the field of motor transport, since the number of motorists exceeds the number of professional pilots, machinists and navigators by an order of magnitude. Based on the use of smartphone data with geolocation connected to a single network, traffic monitoring systems have been built on maps.
The use of cloud solutions provides:
– rational distribution and use of transport resources;
– minimization of the required fleet;
– reduction of mileage by optimizing routes;
– reduction of associated costs.
The applicability of the Internet of Things in the transport industry is considered as follows:
– as an integral part of the vehicle management system: online monitoring of on-board vehicle systems by a service center to prevent maintenance, remote diagnostics, etc.;
– allows you to manage traffic and control: devices collect traffic information and send it directly to the devices of drivers who plan their route based on this information;
– provides new transport scenarios (multimodal transport): the user of a special system will be offered a solution for transportation from point A to B based on all available and suitable vehicles;
– provide autonomous driving and interaction with infrastructure: the interaction between the vehicle and the environment is carried out by considering road navigation systems that combine the localization of the road and the assessment of the shape of the road. [46]
The intelligent movement system is based not on the use of local information space, but on the use of cloud distributed space (cloud) or distributed cyberspace with real mobile units.
The use of cloud technologies allows you to centrally collect a large amount of data in real time:
– on the state of traffic congestion of the road network;
– on the parameters of vehicles (the state of the most critical components and aggregates, speed, congestion, etc.);
– about traffic safety on the route and emergency situations;
– about the environmental situation and the conditions of movement of vehicles depending on the state of the weather and the forecast of its changes;
– about the availability, fuel consumption and location of the nearest filling stations. [66]
For the successful functioning of dispatching and logistics services, the use of the Internet of Things makes it possible to obtain in information systems operational information about the state of transportation with geolocation of vehicles displayed on the map, taking into account restrictions on the movement of certain types of vehicles on highways. [66]
For drivers, the most obvious application of IoT technology is the use of navigators indicating congestion, for passengers – the use of an interactive screen with a public transport schedule. The main advantage is updating these devices online.
Optimal driving routes can be found for motorists due to the fact that data on car speeds in specified areas is processed in the cloud service. This leads to time savings for both drivers and passengers. At the same time, it is possible to reduce the risk of accidents, since there will be less congestion of vehicles.
IoT technologies in the activities of car manufacturers make it possible to significantly improve the work on the release of new models and decision-making on the refinement of existing ones due to the automated collection of a large amount of data on the operation of these vehicles around the world, as well as significantly accelerates the analysis of serial deficiencies. [38] The analysis of the performance of cars and modes of use by drivers of vehicles allows timely release of current software updates, which significantly improves the service provided to consumers.
The introduction of IoT in road transport will allow optimizing the movement of vehicles through analytical algorithms in the network, each vehicle in which is represented as a separate intellectual object. This is necessary for the construction of a new vehicle communication system and