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Exercise 3. Divide the following adverbial conjunctions into seven groups according to their meaning: 1. Addition; 2. Contrast; 3. Comparison; 4. Exemplification; 5. Intensification; 6. Result; 7. Time.
instead, in addition, likewise, moreover, meanwhile, consequently, nevertheless, comparatively, on the contrary, incidentally, thereafter, subsequently, for instance, otherwise, furthermore, undoubtedly, accordingly, certainly, conversely, similarly, therefore, for example, additionally, henceforth, finally, similarly, indeed, however, likewise, as a result, on the other hand, namely, then, next, at the same time, notably, in fact, that is, still, also, now
Exercise 4. Peruse the given statements and select the word from the box below that best completes the sentence.
nevertheless; but; consequently; as a result; or; however; so; for instance; and; furthermore; for; otherwise; finally; moreover
1. She must have been tired, … she fell asleep the moment she inclined her head. 2. Rembrandt was forced to declare bankruptcy in 1656, … his possessions were sold. 3. They have waited very patiently; … the day has arrived. 4. At this restaurant, patrons order food a la carte, … they buy a complete dinner. 5. I want to own my own company; …, I want to pay all my workers a lot of money. 6. I have paid all of the dues; …, I expect to receive all the privileges listed in the bylaws. 7. Everyone knows how to talk, hardly anyone knows what to say. 8. I telephoned at least ten times yesterday; …, the line was never free. 9. Jane is a conservative; …, she voted for a liberal Democrat in the last election. 10. You should put antifreeze in your car’s radiator each fall; …, your radiator might freeze and ruin your car’s engine. 11. Oscar does not study or get enough sleep; …, he will probably do poorly in school. 12. Fatty foods are high in calories; …, butter contains 108 calories per tablespoon. 13. She saw a cat run in front of her, … she fell down while roller-skating. 14. The raging forest fires consumed much of the timberland; …, they threatened the houses of the people living near the forests.
Exercise 5. Connect two simple sentences with different coordinators and adverbial conjunctions and explain how the use of them alters the relationship between the two clauses.
Model:
Tom played chess. Ann went shopping.
a) Tom played chess, so Ann went shopping. "Tom played chess" first, and as a consequence, "Ann went shopping".
b) Tom played chess, for Ann went shopping. "Ann went shopping" first, "Tom played chess" because, possibly, he didn't have anything else to do, because "Ann went shopping."
1. Mark did very well on his job interview. He didn't get the position. 2. We thought we might go to see a film. We might have dinner out. 3. The dictionary contains definitions of words. It also contains a great deal of other information. 5. Some animals are endangered. Many people are working to protect them. 6. I have studied German for many years. My German-speaking friends can chat easily with me now. 7. The doctors looked at the x-rays. They decided to operate on the patient. 8. John invested a lot of money in the business. The business went bankrupt. 9. We needed some food for the week. We went to the supermarket. 10. Janet doesn't like sushi. She doesn't like any kind of fish. 11. The students didn't prepare for the test. They didn't realize how important the test was. 12. You are quite intelligent. However, you don’t think before you act. 13. Peter doesn't need to buy a new car. He also doesn't need to go on vacation. 14. The library is a quiet place to study. 15. Many students prefer to study at home. We wanted to visit our friends, but we didn't have enough money to get a flight. 16. Mary thinks she should go to school. She wants to get qualifications for a new profession. 17. The dangers of smoking are well known. Many people continue to smoke anyway. 18. Angela said she might buy him a watch. She might give him a gift certificate. 19. He must have lost his key. He knocked on the door for us to let him in. 20. Wear your seatbelt. You might be injured.
Exercise 6. In most of the lines in the following text, there is a punctuation mistake. Find the mistakes and correct them. Write the correct punctuation mark in the space provided. If you think a line contains no mistake, put a tick (√) next to it.
Exercise 7. Insert the punctuation marks into the sentences below.
1. Some readers contribute funds to private libraries these readers use the library without charge. 2. The power failed for the third time that day and once again we sat in darkness. 3. The handwriting was almost illegible the spelling was very poor throughout the paper. 4. The ancient spirit is not dead old times are still breathing there is still strength and dignity in life. 5. You have to write that paper tonight or you will almost certainly lose points for turning it in late. 6. Most house plants prefer lots of sun and plenty of water others like shade. 7. I have been in the meadows all day and I have gathered there these beautiful flowers. 8. He did not take the money for it was not the right thing to do. 9. Debby left home early but she wasn't able to make it to her class on time because the buses were running late. 10. Some say that all of us want change jobs about every ten years meanwhile we should make the best of our present employment. 11. It was still cold but the rain had stopped. 12. Lewis had been well trained by scientists in Philadelphia and he was a curious man by nature. 13. Mike has a talent for fixing bicycles likewise his brother is very proficient at building motorcycles. 14. My daughter wants to be a computer programmer so she spends all her spare time on the computer. 15. Linda wanted to see Chinatown yet her husband chose Granville Island. 16. They couldn't make it to the summit and back before dark so they decided to camp for the night. 17. The dog came rushing in so the cat ran upstairs.
Exercise 8. Use each of the compound sentences below as the model for a new sentence of your own. Ask your group to translate them.
Model:
It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen.
It was a dark, snowy morning in Watertown, and the schools were closing for the day.
1. You will face many defeats in your life, but never let yourself be defeated. 2. Nick had plenty of ideas, besides he knew what to do with them. 3. The days were hot and dry; the nights were extremely cold. 4. I hadn't seen my nieces and nephews for ages, so I went overboard on buying them Christmas gifts. 5. Do you want to stay behind, or will you come with us? 6. Some people did not like the rain, nor did they like the fog. 7. The boys walked down the road and their parents waved from the house. 8. That movie was extremely funny; nevertheless, it was a bit too tasteless for me. 9. Only one choice remained: he must confront his enemy. 10. Everyone knows how to talk, but hardly anyone knows what to say. 11. Every year thousands of salmon swim up the stream near my house, yet I have scarcely ever seen one. 12. Life is full of loneliness and misery and suffering and unhappiness, and it's all over much too quickly. 13. Many tourists visit British Columbia, for they enjoy its natural beauty. 14. Gillian did not like to read, as a result, she was not very good at it. 15. Dogs are obedient animals, in contrast cats are their own bosses. 16. The doctor told him to lose weight; in addition, she advised him to stop smoking. 17. Spelling is hard for many people; nonetheless, there are techniques for improving it.
Exercise 9. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Вы хотите повести детей в зоопарк, или было бы разумнее пойти с ними в парк? 2. Мы не сможем навестить наших друзей этим летом, а они не смогут приехать к нам. 3. Мы готовились к этому тесту много часов, но так и не сдали его. 4. Они остались на праздник дома, так