three abreast with considerable intervening space… He saw a peasantry better housed, supplied with fuel, better clothed, and, according to their habits, better fed than any peasantry on the continent, or any of the peasantry of modern England!» (Ibid., p. 35—36).
77
«Can Russia, who in the year 1799 had a disposable army of only fifty thousand men; in the year 1807, not more than eighty thousand to defend both capitals; and in the year 1813, only three hundred thousand on her whole territory, after several years preparation; can she, notwithstanding a destructive invasion and wars of such great waste and expenditure, have collected and re-equipped armies sufficient to defend her acquisitions and improve her advantages? The answer is, She can; and Europe and Asia must acknowledge the truth of that assertion: for, both quarters of the globe are overshadowed by the mass of six hundred and forty thousand men, which an establishment of one million two hundred thousand ranges in order of battle, exclusive of militia, Tartar cavalry, &c» (Ibid., p. 148).
78
«It was this system of legislation and connexion which preserved the Fins, the Lithuanians, the Courlanders, the Podolians, the Wolhynians, the Sarmates, and the Tartars in general, in their allegiance, and animated the Cossacks of the Don and the Wolga, with enthusiastic zeal in the service of a power against whose dominion they had so long contended» (Ibid., p. 130); «Именно эта система законов и связей сохранила финнов, литовцев, курляндцев, подольцев, волынцев, сарматов и вообще татар в их верности, и воодушевила казаков Дона и Волги с восторженным рвением служить державе, против владычества которой они так долго боролись».
79
«Are then Europe, and Asia, and America (of which hemisphere nothing has been said, for the hour is not yet ripe, though it teems with matter of the highest moment to the world), to make no effort for the preservation of their independence? Must the fiat of Alexander be the law of the universe?» (Ibid., p. 156—157).
80
«Having thus traced a summary narrative of the principal points and facts, which characterized the policy of Russia, and have tended to her aggrandizement-a summary which will acquire interest the more it is examined and the more it is developed, the question may be investigated which has been proposed, viz., how far any combination of France, England, and Austria can control the policy Russia may be disposed to pursue?» (Ibid., p. 115—116); «Проследив таким образом краткое изложение основных положений и фактов, характеризовавших политику России и имевших тенденцию к ее возвеличиванию… можно исследовать предложенный вопрос, а именно: в какой мере любое объединение Франции, Англии и Австрии сможет контролировать политику, которую может проводить Россия?»
81
«Alexander, profiting by the intemperate and injudicious conduct of his allies, endeavoured again to ingratiate himself with the French people. His armies maintained a strict discipline. His proclamations, abandoning contributions, and distributing largesses to the inhabitants, who had suffered by the passage of the allied troops, were circulated with industry; and his avowed opposition to the designs of Austria, Prussia, and Holland, for the dismemberment of France, obtained him many partizans…» (Ibid., p. 109).
82
«The supreme necessity of a never-casing expansion of trade – this fatum which spectre-like haunts modern England, and, if not appeased at once, brings on those terrible revulsions which vibrate from New York to Canton, and from St. Petersburg to Sydney – this inflexible necessity has caused the interior of Asia to be attacked from two sides by English trade: from the Indus and from the Black Sea; and although we know very little of the exports of Russia to that part of the world, we may safely conclude from the increase of English exports to that quarter that the Russian trade in that direction must have sensibly fallen off» (The eastern question: reprint of letters written 1853—1856 dealing with the events of the Crimean War by Karl Marx. London, 1897., p. 16); «Крайняя необходимость непрестанного расширения торговли – этот фатум, который, подобно призраку, преследует современную Англию, и, если его не успокоить немедленно, он вызовет те ужасные потрясения, которые сотрясают всю территорию от Нью-Йорка до Кантона и от Санкт-Петербурга до Сиднея, – эта непреклонная необходимость привела к тому, что внутренние районы Азии стали подвергаться нападению английской торговли с двух сторон: со стороны Инда и с Чёрного моря; и хотя мы очень мало знаем об экспорте России в эту часть света, из увеличения английского экспорта в прошедший квартал мы можем с уверенностью заключить, что российская торговля в этом направлении, вероятно, заметно сократилась».
83
«Of these amounts, at least, two-thirds must have gone to ports in the Black Sea, including Constantinople. And all this rapidly increasing trade depends upon the confidence that may be placed in the Power which rules the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus, the keys to the Black Sea. Whoever holds these can open and shut at is pleasure the passage into this last recess of the Mediterranean. Let Russia once come into possession of Constantinople, who will expect her to keep open the door by which England has invaded her commercial domain?» (Ibid., p. 16); «Из этих сумм по крайней мере две трети должны были пойти в порты Чёрного моря, включая Константинополь. И вся эта быстро растущая торговля зависит от благорасположения державы, управляющей Дарданеллами и Босфором, ключами к Чёрному морю. Тот, кто держит их в руках, может открывать и закрывать с удовольствием проход в эту последнюю нишу Средиземного моря. Пусть Россия однажды вступит во владение Константинополем –