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NB! As the stem of the word belonging to declension III in most cases does not coincide in Nom. sing. and Gen. sing. forms, it can be found by the Gen. sing. form only, by the way of dropping the ending —is. The Gen. sing. stem is practical and productive, i.e. it joins the endings of all the other cases and plural number, as well as suffixes when producing other speech parts. For example: tendo, inis m – tendon, the practical stem of the Latin word is tendin-.
NB! It is important to remember that the masculine gender of declension III includes names of muscles by function. Muscle names by function consist of two words: the word musculus and the masculine noun of declension III, which designates the function: musculus constrictor, musculus abductor, etc. So, both words in the term are nouns, have the same gender, number and case, but belong to the different declensions (the noun musculus is of declension II). If such a term is followed by another noun, then the latter is used in the Genitive case: constrictor muscle of pharynx – musculus constrictor pharyngis.
NB! In writing, the word musculus is usually shortened to m.: m. constrictor.
NB! If a noun of declension III consists if one syllable only, the full form of Genetive singular is given in its dictionary form: pes, pedis m – foot; the stem is ped-.
Lexical Minimum of Masculine Nouns of Declension III
Feminine Gender
Lexical Minimum of Feminine Nouns of Declension III
Neuter Gender
Lexical Minimum of Neutral Nouns of III Declension
abdomen, inis n – abdomen
caput, itis n – head
chiasma, atis n – chiasm (decussation)
corpus, oris n – body
crus, cruris n – crus (shin; leg (of the inner organ))
diaphragma, atis n – diaphragm
femur, oris n – femur (thighbone)
foramen, inis n – foramen (opening)
hepar, atis n – liver
occiput, itis n – occiput (back of the head)
rete, is n – network
systema, atis n – system
tempus, oris n – temple
zygoma, atis n – zygoma (cheekbone)
words – exceptions by gender
lien, enis m (= splen, splenis m) – spleen
ren, renis m – kidney
ADJECTIVE
The Latin adjective is divided into two groups and is declined by the pattern of the first three declensions, depending on the generic endings.
NB! The dictionary form of the adjectives of the 1st group shows their three generic endings in the following order: the full masculine form of the adjective, the feminine ending, the neuter ending: thoracicus, a, um – thoracic. The dictionary form of the adjectives of the 2nd group shows their 2 generic endings in the following order: the full form of the adjective in masculine and feminine gender, the ending of the neuter gender: vertebralis, e – vertebral. Stem of the adjective is found by dropping the generic ending. The second group of adjectives also includes adjectives of one generic ending, i.e. they don’t vary by gender, their dictionary form includes the adjective itself and its ending in the Genitive case with a part of the changed stem: simplex, icis – simple. The stem of such an adjective is found by dropping the ending -is.
NB! In the Latin term, the definition expressed by the adjective always follows the noun. The exception of this rule is the word mater, tris f, which is preceded by the adjective: pia mater, dura mater.
NB! An adjective always agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun which it defines.
NB! The participles of the active present tense are also declined according to the pattern of declension III, as do the adjectives of the 2nd group. Such participles do not change by gender, in the dictionary form they have the Gen. sing. ending with a part of the changed stem: ascendens, ntis – ascending, the stem ascendent-.
Lexical Minimum of the 1st Group Adjectives
NB! The meanings of adjectives are various, they can designate affiliation, consistence, color, location, relation, size, shape, etc. Adjectives of the 1st group are frequently formed with the suffix -ic- with the meaning of relating to what the stem names, and the suffix -os- with the meaning of consisting of what the stem names.
albus, a, um – white
asper, era, erum – rough
caroticus, a, um – carotid
cribrosus, a, um – cribrate
dexter, tra, trum – right
durus, a, um – hard
externus, a, um – external
fibrosus, a, um – fibrous
flavus, a, um – yellow
internus, a, um – internal
latus, a, um – wide
liber, era, erum – loose; free
longus, a, um – long
magnus, a, um – large
medianus, a, um – median
medius, a, um – middle
niger, gra, grum – black
obliquus, a, um – oblique
parvus, a, um – small
petrosus, a, um – petrous, stony
pius, a, um – soft
ruber, bra, brum – red
sinister, tra, trum – left
spinosus, a, um – spinous
squamosus, a, um – squamous
transversus, a, um – transverse
venosus, a, um – venous
Lexical Minimum of the 2nd Group Adjectives
NB! Adjectives of the 2st group are usually formed with the suffix -al-/-ar- with the meaning of relating to what the stem names.
arterialis, e – arterial
axialis, e – axial
capillaris, e – capillary
communis, e – common; general
dorsalis,