the oak king was defeated by the holly king, at midwinter the oak king overpowered the holly king, expressing the seasonal tides.
Holly is especially lucky for men, and if they carry a leaf or berry it is said they quickly become attractive to women. In the north of Britain prickly holly leaves are called ‘he-holly’ and the smooth ones ‘she-holly’. An old country saying states that if smooth-leaved holly is brought into the house first at yuletide the wife will rule the household the coming year, and if prickly holly enters first, the husband will rule.
HEALING
Warning: holly berries purge, but often cause nausea and vomiting. They are poisonous to children.
Most of holly’s healing qualities are on the subtle planes, where by its presence or by taking its remedies it helps us transform our ‘prickly’ bits and improves our reaction to the world.
The Bach Flower Remedies use holly to treat oversensitivity, hatred, anger and aggressive behaviour.
An infusion of fresh or dried holly leaves is used to treat catarrhal coughs and bronchitis, pneumonia, influenza, rheumatism and fevers. In earlier days holly leaves were soaked in vinegar and put on corn for a day and a night in order to cure them. Chilblains were thrashed with a holly branch in order to ‘chase the chill out’.
To enable wise decisions to be made before a course of action, holly can be used to meditate with or upon, to calm the mind and body of emotions.
MAGIC & INSPIRATION
On magical levels holly was regarded as an excellent herb of protection, specifically guarding against evil spirits, poisons, short-tempered or angry elementals, and thunder and lightning. The protection against lightning has been verified, for it has been shown that the spikes of holly leaves act like miniature lightning conductors, giving the trees immunity.
In the Irish/Gaelic ogham alphabet holly is called Tinne, a word believed to have originally meant ‘fire’. From this was derived the word ‘tinder’, which Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary describes as ‘dry inflammable matter used for kindling fire from a spark’. This association of holly and fire has been known since ancient days when charcoal made from holly wood was used by armourers to forge swords and axe-heads. In continuation of this, holly is still used today as an incense in the ritual consecration of magical knives.
One of our best-known Christmas carols is ‘The Holly and the Ivy’. Yet few people realize that it has its roots in paganism, where the holly and ivy represent the male and female principles of life. These were traditionally celebrated at the four quarters of the year, namely midwinter, the Spring Equinox, midsummer and the Autumn Equinox. At Yule it was the custom to dress a boy in the foliage of prickly holly and a girl in entwining ivy. Then, to lead the old solar year into the new, the holly-boy and ivy-girl paraded hand in hand throughout the community. This symbolized the god and goddess taking the evergreen quality of Nature through the darkest time of the year, encouraging the sun and the growth of vegetation.
‘Of all the trees that are in the wood the holly bears the crown’ reveals not only the importance of the tree, but also of the solar and lunar cycles and their reflection on earth. It also refers to the guardian qualities of holly, wherein it guides the precious energies of life. Royal work indeed!
PHYSICAL USES
Holly wood is ivory white and close-grained, and was prized in earlier days for its ability to take colour through staining, especially blue, green and red. When stained black it was styled the poor man’s ebony. It was used extensively to inlay furniture with marquetry. The natural whiteness of the wood allowed it to be used for knife handles that resemble ivory. It was also traditionally valued for safeguarding door sills and handles. Holly was also used to make wooden spear shafts which gave balance and a good sense of direction. It is said that ancient chariot wheels contained holly wood, and it was used in much the same way in cart and coach wheels in later times.
Rabbits love to eat holly bark and it can be used as a tonic for rabbits kept in hutches. If you gather it yourself, ensure that only a little bark is taken from each tree and do not ring the tree (by removing bark all the way round) for it will die.
| IRISH/GAELIC NAME | Ailim |
| OGHAM |
 |
| RUNIC |
 |
| RULING PLANET | Mars |
| ABILITIES | Foresight. Long sight. Purification. Births. Incense. To do with the element of Air. |
| SEASONS | Winter; Spring |
| SCOT’S PINE | Pinus sylvestris. Coniferous. Evergreen. |
Conifers hold age records as one of the oldest plant families. They are direct descendants of the primeval forests which flourished long before broadleaves. The Scot’s pine is one of Britain’s three native needle-leaved evergreens, along with juniper and yew. The silver fir was introduced from northern Europe in 1603. Pine trees like to grow in company with silver birch. Fly agaric, the Aminita muscaria mushroom, is common to both trees.
Pine is a straight tall tree, reaching heights of 100 feet (30 metres) and girths of 10–15 feet (3–4½ metres). It reaches ages of 600 years. Its strong tap-root helps it with-stand high winds, and its beautiful colouring is best seen amongst the heather and bracken of moor and highland. If a pine tree is well situated in a bright open space it will begin reproduction after 20 years.
Pine forms pairs of leaves and this distinguishes it from yew and spruce which have leaves set singly in spirals on the branch, and from larch which has leaves in groups. That pine has leaves in the form of needles enables the tree to conserve and limit its water loss. This means that it is not reliant on moisture held in the soil and can thus grow in sandy soils.
In early spring the pine tree produces two kinds of single-sexed flowers. The male flowers are soft yellow fluffy ‘knobs’, clustering around the base of the season’s new shoot of growth. The female flower is a tiny red budlike object by the tip of the new spring shoot. On pollenation, the scales of the female flowers thicken at their tips and join together, sealed by resin.
By next spring this little flower-cone is bigger and pendulous. Towards the end of its second summer, or even the spring after that, the cone scales crack open and little brown seeds are revealed. Pine cones open only when it is dry so the wind-borne seeds have a chance to scatter and not drop wet to the tree’s base. In autumn the empty cones fall from the branches, some two and a half years old. Three generations of cone can be found on a pine tree at any given time, sometimes all on a single branch, where new cones, fertilized and sealed cones, and empty cones stand one behind the other
CUSTOM & LEGEND
In Egypt, Osiris, the great god of Egyptian magic, was seen as a tree-spirit in his primitive character and was represented ceremonially by the cutting down and hollowing out of a pine tree. Then an image of Osiris was made with the excavated wood from the tree and inserted back into the hollow tree. This was kept for a year to watch over the vines, and was then burned and scattered on the earth in order to fructify it for the next season’s crop. His primitive character, felt to be embodied in a pine tree, also pointed to an alternative source of drink should the vines perish, for the resin of the Mediterranean pine itself is to this day a potent drink.
In Greek legend we are told how