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Americans in Paris LIFE AND DEATH UNDER NAZI OCCUPATION 1940–1944 CHARLES GLASS HarperPress An imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers 1 London Bridge Street London, SE1 9GF, UK www.harpercollins.co.uk Visit our authors’ blog: www.fifthestate.co.uk LOVE THIS BOOK? WWW.BOOKARMY.COM First published in Great Britain by HarperPress in 2009 1 Copyright © Charles Glass 2009 Maps and Endpapers © www.joygosney.co.uk Charles Glass asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of this work A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, down-loaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins eBooks. Ebook Edition © MARCH 2009 ISBN: 9780007321032 Version: 2016-03-14 To the memory and glorious spirit of Charles Glass, Jr., my father and unwavering partisan, born 11 October, 1920, died 2 February, 2008. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PART ONE: 14 June 1940 1 The American Mayor of Paris 2 The Bookseller 3 The Countess from Ohio 4 All Blood Runs Red 5 Le Millionnaire américain 6 The Yankee Doctor PART TWO: 1940 7 Bookshop Row 8 Americans at Vichy 9 Back to Paris 10 In Love with Love 11 A French Prisoner with the Americans 12 American Grandees 13 Polly’s Paris 14 Rugged Individualists 15 Germany’s Confidential American Agent PART THREE: 1941 16 The Coldest Winter 17 Time to Go? 18 New Perils in Paris 19 Utopia in Les Landes 20 To Resist, to Collaborate or to Endure 21 Enemy Aliens PART FOUR: 1942 22 First Round-up 23 The Vichy Web 24 The Second Round-up 25 ‘Inturned’ 26 Uniting Africa 27 Americans Go to War 28 Murphy Forgets a Friend 29 Alone at Vittel 30 The Bedaux Dossier PART FIVE: 1943 31 Murphy versus Bedaux 32 Sylvia’s War 33 German Agents? 34 A Hospital at War 35 The Adolescent Spy 36 Clara under Suspicion 37 Calumnies PART SIX: 1944 38 The Trial of Citizen Bedaux 39 The Underground Railway 40 Conspiracies 41 Springtime in Paris 42 The Maquis to Arms! 43 Résistants Unmasked 44 Via Dolorosa 45 Schwarze Kappelle 46 Slaves of the Reich 47 One Family Now 48 The Paris Front 49 Tout Mourir PART SEVEN: 24–26 August 1944 50 Liberating the Rooftops 51 Libération, not Liberation EPILOGUE ENDNOTES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX BY THE SAME AUTHOR ABOUT THE PUBLISHER IN THE PLAZA WHERE THE Boulevard Saint-Michel approaches the River Seine, water cascades down stone blocks of a vast monumental tribute to those who endured the four-year German occupation of Paris. The Archangel Michael stands guard above an old memorial that was rededicated after the Second World War, above all, to the civilians killed nearby when the people of Paris finally rose against their oppressors in the summer of 1944. Reading the inscriptions and looking at the stone lions beside the shallow pool, I used to imagine life during the fifty months from 14 June 1940, when the Germans marched proudly into Paris, and 25 August 1944, when they retreated in shame. I wondered how I would have behaved while the Wehrmacht ruled the cultural capital of Europe. Many books and films on the period depicted French behaviour that varied from self-sacrifice and heroism to treason and complicity in genocide. But what would I, as an American, have done? Was it possible to survive until liberation day, 26 August 1944, without compromising or collaborating? Would I have risked my life, or the lives of my family, by fighting for the Resistance? Or would I have waited patiently with the majority of Parisians for the German retreat? Nearly
