vitamin supplement together with a soluble powder for rehydration purposes:
• Anivit 4BC Injection: thiamine 35 mg/ml, riboflavin 0.5 mg/ml, pyridoxine 7 mg/ml, nicotinamide 23 mg/ml and ascorbic acid 70 mg/ml; 5-10 ml/pig im, iv or sub cut daily. Zero meat withhold.
• Duphafral Multivitamin 9: retinol 15,000 IU/ml, cholecalciferol 25 mcg/ml, alpha-tocopheryl acetate 20 mg/ml, thiamine 10 mg/ml, riboflavin 5 mg/ml, pyridox-ine 3 mg/ml, nicotinamide 35 mg/ml, dexpanthenol 25 mg/ml and cyanocobalamin 25 mcg/ml; 5-10 ml/pig im or sub cut (2-5 ml per weaner). Meat withhold 28 days.
• Duphalyte: combination of B-complex vitamins, electrolytes, amino acids and dextrose; 100 ml/50 kg iv for adults; 30 ml/5 kg for younger pigs. May be followed up by sub cut injections. Zero meat withhold.
• Effydral Effervescent Tablet: sodium chloride 2.34 g, potassium chloride 1.12 g, sodium bicarbonate 6.72 g, citric acid 3.84 g, lactose 32.44 g and glycine 2.25 g in each tablet; 1 tablet/l water. Give ad lib to pigs. Zero meat withhold.
• Forgastrin Oral Powder: attapulgite 73% and bone charcoal 27%; 6-10 g thrice daily for pigs as a drench with a little water or in a little food; for piglets, 10 g/60 ml water and 5 ml daily. Zero meat withhold.
• Intravit 12: cyanobalamin 0.5 g/ml; 0.5-1.5 ml/pig im or sub cut. Zero meat withhold.
• Lectade Powder for Oral Solution: glycine 6.18 g, citric acid 0.48 g, potassium citrate 0.12 g, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 4.08 g and sodium chloride 8.58 g in sachet A; glucose 44.61 g in sachet B; add both sachets to 2 l water; solution should be readily available to young pigs. Zero meat withhold.
• Liquid Life-Aid: concentrated aqueous solution for dilution with 11.5 times its own volume of water; 200-300 ml/piglet orally daily; 1 l/weaned pig daily. Zero meat withhold.
• Multivitamin Injection: vitamin A 15,000 IU/ml, vitamin D 25 mcg/ml, vitamin E 20 mg/ml, vitamin B1 10 mg/ml, vitamin B2 5 mg/ml, vitamin B6 3 mg/ml, nicotinamide 35 mg/ml, dexpanthenol 25 mg/ml and vitamin B12 25 mcg/ml; 5-10 ml/adult (2-5 ml/weaner, 0.5-2 ml/piglet) im or sub cut, repeated in 10-14 days. Meat withhold 28 days.
• Vitesel: alpha-tocopheryl acetate 68 mg/ml and potassium selenate 1.5 mg/ml; 1 ml/25 kg im to piglets to be repeated in 2-4 weeks. Zero meat withhold.
Other medicines
Vetrabutine (Monzaldon 100 mg/ml Solution for Injection below) is recommended by some practitioners for porcine parturition, but the evidence for its effectiveness is not strong. However, oxytocin and azaperone (listed below) are vital medicines to be carried by practitioners carrying out pig practice:
• Monzaldon 100 mg/ml Solution for Injection: vetrabutine hydrochloride 100 mg/ml; 2-4 ml/sow im as a single injection. Meat withhold 28 days.
• Oxytocin-S: oxytocin 10 IU/ml; 0.2-1 ml im. Zero meat withhold.
• Stresnil 40 mg/ml Solution for Injection for Pigs: azaperone 40 mg/ml; 0.5-1 ml/20 kg im. Meat withhold 10 days.
Poultry Medicines
In commercial situations, antimicrobials are initially supplied to poultry in the drinking water and then, if required, the same antimicrobial can be included in the food. In backyard flocks and individual birds, injectable antimicrobials licensed for other stock can be used under the cascade principle. Hence, the ambulatory practitioner does not normally need to carry specifically licensed poultry products.
Antimicrobials
• Aivlosin 625 mg/g granules: tylvalosin 25 mg/kg. Meat withhold 2 days for chickens and pheasants. Not to be used in laying hens.
• Amoxinsol: amoxicillin 20 mg/kg. Meat withhold 1 day for chickens, 5 days for turkeys, 9 days for ducks. Not to be used in laying hens.
• Apralan Soluble Powder: apraycin 40 mg/kg. Meat withhold 7 days for chickens. Not to be used in laying hens.
• Baytril 10% Oral Solution: enrofloxacin 10 mg/kg. Meat withhold 8 days for chickens and turkeys. Not to be used in laying hens.
• Chlorosol 50: chlortetracycline 20 mg/kg. Meat withhold 3 days. Not to be used in laying hens.
• Colibird: colistin 75,000 IU/kg. Meat withhold 1 day. Zero egg withhold in poultry.
• Denagard 12.5% Oral Solution: tiamulin 25 mg/kg. Meat withhold in chickens 2 days. Meat withhold in turkeys 5 days. Zero egg withhold.
• Dicural Oral Solution: difloxacin 10 mg/kg. Meat withhold 1 day. Not to be used in laying hens or turkeys.
• Enroxil Oral Solution: enrofloxacin 10 mg/kg. Meat withhold 10 days in chickens, 11 days in turkeys. Not to be used in laying hens.
• Erythrocin Soluble: erythromycin 25.5 mg/kg. Meat and egg withhold 6 days.
• Linco-Spectin 100 Soluble Powder: 33.3 g lincomycin and 66.7 g spectinomycin per pack; prevention, 50 mg/kg lincomycin and 100 mg/kg spectomycin (150 mg antibiotic) as fresh solution in drinking water for first 3-5 days of life; further prevention and treatment, 50 mg/kg antibiotic daily for 1-2 days during the fourth week or after vaccination, and at first signs of disease for 3-7 days. Meat withhold 5 days. Not to be used in laying hens.
• Octacillin WSP: amoxicillin 16 mg/kg. Meat withhold 1 day. Not to be used in laying hens.
• Pulmotil AC: tilmicosin 20 mg/kg. Meat withhold 12 days. Not to be used in laying hens.
• Soludox: doxycycline 10 mg/kg. Meat withhold 3 days. Not to be used in laying hens.
• Tetsol 800: tetracycline 60 mg/kg. Meat withhold 6 days. Not to be used in laying hens.
• Tilmovet 250 mg/ml Oral Solution: tilmicosin 20 mg/kg. Meat withhold 12 days. Not to be used in laying hens.
• Tylan Soluble: tylosin 200 mg/kg. Meat withhold 1 day in chickens. Nil meat withhold in turkeys. Zero egg withhold.
• Vetremox: amoxicillin 20 mg/kg. Meat withhold 2 days for chickens, 5 days for turkeys. Not to be used in laying hens.
Antiprotozoals
• Baycox 2.5% Oral Solution: toltrazuril 7 mg/kg. Meat withhold 18 days for chickens. Not to be used in laying hens.
3
Cattle Medicine
Introduction
The chapter starts with a brief discussion on carrying out a clinical examination and taking a case history in cattle practice. This is followed by an account of cattle medicine which is organized by system, with sections on diseases of the gastroenteric system, diseases of the neurological system, metabolic diseases (which can also be viewed as a category of neurological diseases), diseases of the respiratory system, diseases of the circulatory system, diseases of the urinary system, diseases of the reproductive system, diseases of the locomotory system and diseases of the integument. Lastly, there is a brief section on the common reasons for cattle to be found dead.
Clinical Examination, Including History Taking
The clinical examination is the vital start for making a diagnosis in cattle practice. The respiration rate in the normal adult animal is 12-30 breaths/min, with a quicker rate of 20-24 breaths/min in calves. The pulse rate, which should normally be 60-80 beats/min can be taken from the coccygeal artery at the same time as taking the rectal temperature, which should be between 38 and 39 °C. Also, while in this area of the animal, an abnormal pulse in the urethra of male animals can be felt. The normal pulse rate in calves lies in the range of 70-120 beats/min and the normal rectal temperature is between 38.5 and 39.5 °C. Auscultation of the heart should reveal a steady