States in search of necessary resources establish cooperation with sports subjects and include them in the diplomatic processes. Accordingly, ISOs such as the IOC are becoming diplomatic subjects—as stakeholders of states’ diplomacy which desire to use the popularity of sport to build their external image. Similarly, domestic sports subjects such as national federations, sports leagues, or clubs can become such stakeholders.
The author faced several challenges while conducting the research, particularly in connection to few scientific elaborations on the investigated subject. The inconsistency concerning the definition of sports diplomacy was also problematic. Definitions suggested by various authors differ from each other, which made it necessary to propose own approach. Certain difficulty also referred to the part of research concerning the diplomatic activity of ISOs in reference to investigating the frequency of the meetings between the IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch and representatives of states he was visiting. The documents available to the author did not include all the trips Samaranch made. Apart from that, documents concerning subsequent IOC presidents were not available. It has, therefore, been assumed that the available data were sufficient to identify the general trend, although the author is aware of the limitation of this part of the research.
This book was originally published in Polish by the publishing house of the University of Lodz, Poland. The research was supported by the National Science Centre, Poland [grant number 2015/19/D/HS5/00513].
NOTES
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2. Stuart Murray, Sports Diplomacy: Origins, Theory and Practice (New York: Routledge: 2018), 94-5.
3. “About Us,” Sports Diplomacy, accessed October 30, 2019, https://sportsvisitorenvoy.org/about-us-4; “Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs,” United States Department of State, accessed March 23, 2018, https://eca.state.gov/programs-initiatives/initiatives/sports-diplomacy.
4. “Australian Sports Diplomacy Strategy 2015–18,” Australian Government, accessed March 23, 2018, https://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/Documents/aus-sports-diplomacy-strategy-2015-18.pdf.
5. David Rowe, “Football, Diplomacy and Australia in the Asian Century,” in Sport and Diplomacy: Games within Games, ed. J. Simon Rofe (Manchester, Manchester University Press), 153.
6. High Level Group on Sport Diplomacy, Report to Commissioner Tibor Navracsis, June 2016.
7. Barrie Houlihan, Sport and International Politics (New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1994); Sport and Society: A Student Introduction, ed. Barrie Houlihan (Los Angeles: SAGE, 2008); Alfred E. Senn, Power, Politics and the Olympic Games: A History of Power Brokers, Events, and Controversies that Shaped the Games (Champaign: Human Kinetics, 1999); Richard Espy, The Politics of the Olympic Games (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979); Christopher R. Hill, Olympic Politics: Athens to Atlanta 1896–1996 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996); The Politics of Sport, ed. Lincoln Allison (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1986); Jonathan Grix, Sport Politics: An Introduction (New York: Palgrave, 2016).
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9. Donald Macintosh and Michael Hawes, Sport and Canadian Diplomacy (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1994).
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12. Stuart Murray, “The Two Halves of Sports-Diplomacy,” Diplomacy & Statecraft 23, no. 3 (2012): 576–592; Stuart Murray, “Moving Beyond the Ping-Pong Table: Sports Diplomacy in the Modern Diplomatic Environment,” Public Diplomacy Magazine 9 (2013): 11–16; J. Simon Rofe, “Sport and Diplomacy: A Global Diplomacy Framework,” Diplomacy & Statecraft 27, no. 2 (2016): 212–230; Stuart Murray and Geoffrey A. Pigman, “Mapping the Relationship between International Sport and Diplomacy,” Sport in Society 17, no. 9 (2014): 1098–1118.
13. Stuart Murray, “Sports Diplomacy,” in The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy, ed. Costas M. Constantinou, Pauline Kerr and Paul Sharp (Los Angeles: SAGE, 2016), 617–627.
14. David Black and Byron Peacock, “Sport and Diplomacy,” in The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy, ed. Andrew F. Cooper, Jorge Heine, and Ramesh Thakur (Oxford: Oxford University Press: 2013), 708–726.
15. Udo Merkel, “Sport as a Foreign Policy and Diplomatic Tool,” in Routledge Handbook of Sport and Politics, ed. Alan Bairner, John Kelly, and Jung Woo Lee (Abingdon: Routledge, 2017), 28–38.
16. Diplomatic Games: Sport, Statecraft, and International Relations since 1945, ed. Heather L. Dichter and Andrew L. Johns (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky: 2014).
17. Case Studies in Sport Diplomacy, ed. Craig Esherick, Robert E. Baker, Steven Jackson, and Michael Sam (Morgantown: FiT Publishing: 2017).
18. Murray, Sports Diplomacy: Origins, 6.
19. Sport and Diplomacy: Games within Games, ed. J. Simon Rofe (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2018).
20. Rofe, “Sport and Diplomacy: A Global,” 212–230; Black and Peacock, “Sport,” 708–726; James Pamment, “Rethinking Diplomatic and Development Outcomes Through Sport: Toward a Participatory Paradigm of Multi-Stakeholder Diplomacy,” Diplomacy & Statecraft 27, no. 2 (2016): 231–250; Murray and Pigman, “Mapping,” 1098–1118; Murray, “The Two Halves,” 576–592.
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