a second per day down to a 0.01 of a second per day.
Atomic Clock
The quartz crystal oscillation clock was developed in the early 1920s. It gave birth to quantum mechanics science.
The quartz clock operation is based on the piezoelectric property of quartz crystals, which generate an electric field that change its shape when you apply pressure on the crystals. This interaction between mechanical stress and electrical fields causes the crystals to vibrate and generate a near-constant electric frequency signal that can be fed into a digital display window. The first atomic clock was built in 1949 with ammonia rather than quartz crystals. However, its performance was not much better than crystal-based clocks and scientists shifted attention to the more promising atomic beam devices based on cesium, a rare silver-white chemical element of the alkali metals group. Cesium, one of the most reactive chemical elements, is also used in photoelectric cells. The first cesium atomic clock was built in England in 1955. The cesium atom’s natural frequency was formally recognized as the new international unit of time in the late 1960s. The second was newly defined as 9,192,631,770 oscillations of the cesium atom’s resonant frequency (each oscillation is one nanosecond). One second is no more definite to be 1/84,400 of a day. The cesium atomic clock has been used on satellites for the Global Positioning System (GPS). Was Einstein’s resolution of his “time dilation problem” right or wrong? “Time dilation” may happen because of environmental changes. It really has nothing at all to do with the speed of light. The synchronization of atomic clocks is a very hard task. No two atomic clocks will be exactly within one nanosecond of agreement.
The Blair clock is based on an ultrapure crystal of sapphire shaped like a fat spindle a few centimeters across. When sapphire is struck, it will ring with the purest tone, a high-pitch song, a high-speed wave of an extremely small wavelength. This is why wave theory and superstring theory got into quantum mechanics. The superstring theory uses nine space dimensions plus a time dimension and mathematically proves the speed of string oscillation at 10^-33. It still needs an M theory, which is an unknown eleventh dimension. The M theory is fundamental to superstring theories emerged that have special limits. Is the underlying problem the existence of infinite dimensions? Will proving space has (close to the edge of) infinite dimensions help solve the problem? I discuss space has infinite dimensions in great detail in chapter 3.
Computer with Real-Time Clock
A watch may not be called a watch. A watch could be a high-frequency transmission display unit (FTDU). It is a super accurate, radio-controlled receiver unit on a wrist. An FTDU automatically sets the date and time from the official time (atomic clock) transmitter. It lets you choose from twenty-four time zones and automatically adjusts for daylight saving time. It has much better value than a Rolex.
A clock may not be called a clock. A supercomputer, such as Japan’s Earth Simulator, was the most advanced and complicated atomic clock in 2002. The Japanese computer simulates the Earth’s movement and time. How fast a computer is really means how accurate the time is. Atomic clocks have limited usage unless computer speed is fast enough to catch (record) real-time clock speed at one-nanosecond scale. Computers with a nanosecond real-time clock became the best timekeeper devices in the history of science. Nanotechnology will have a revolutionary effect in quantum physics, quantum chemistry, microbiology, material science, and many other science fields.
Equation of Eternity
Let us go back to the original question. What is time?
Nikola Tesla (1856–1943) said motion through space produces time. This concept leads some physicists to believe Tesla failed to understand that Einstein’s theory is not about curved space at all, but curved space-time. Tesla was actively conducting his research during the time of Einstein’s research. We may use both Tesla’s concept of time and Einstein’s concept of time and combine the concepts in one sentence:
Time is a unit measure of movement in speed.
The important word here is the ‘unit measure’. When time is approaching to zero, the speed is approaching to infinitely large. When speed is approaching to zero, the time is approaching to infinitely large. The ‘speed of light’ is neither a numerical value nor a rational number. It is a speed which is a function of space and time. One year of time at the speed of three hundred thousand kilometers per second which has same meaning in distance as one century of time at the speed of three hundred kilometers per second . Without knowing the actual distance between two planets, using ‘ light-year’ to describe the distance is a meaningless thing.
We already clearly defined that the unit measures of time are century, decade, year, month, day, hour, minute, second, millisecond, microsecond, nanosecond, picosecond, and femtosecond, which is 10^-15 in speed (1/10^-15 in time). Among all units of time measurement, “one second” is the true basic unit measure of all time measurements.
The above time unit measuring system is universally recognized. It has a true meaning of globalization. Unfortunately, the measurements for distance, size, volume, and weight are not as globalized as they should be.
In mathematical language, one (1) is the only true basic constant number. Every number can be represented by forms of one (1):
(1) time > 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + …
Where 1 is a unit measure of time. The value of time is greater than the value that is at the edge of infinitely large, notated as (∞e).
Where 1 is a unit measure of one (1) second. The value of time is smaller than the value that is at the edge of zero, notated as (0e).
Under one (1) second, speed has a reciprocal value of time (speed = 1 / time).
Therefore, time is capable of measuring anything that is faster than the speed of light.
Combining both equation (1) and equation (2), we have equation of eternity.
(3) ∞e < T < 0e
Therefore, the present can never be a part of time, just as zero and infinity do not exist in eternity. This is the reason why I used close to the edge of zero and close to the edge of infinite.
If we use unit of measurement 1 as one (1) year, add all actions, events, movements, relatively associated actions and movements, and the sum of all approaches is a value that is at the edge of infinitely large (∞v). Since zero and infinity do not exist, therefore, the edge of infinitely large is used.
Therefore, no matter how you look at the value of time in formula (1) horizontally or vertically, time has a total value that is at the edge of infinitely large (∞t).
∞e + ∞v = ∞t
where ∞t is still at the edge of infinitely large (∞)
If infinite (∞) does exist in reality, then ∞ + ∞ = 2 (∞), infinite will lose its original meaning of “infinite.”
Therefore, there is no origin or end in time.
Or as Einstein said, “The universe is open and static in nature with no major structure change.”
3
Space Has Infinite Dimensions
In the history of mathematics, the seventeenth century is a very important era. Humans study trigonometry, geometry, and algebra. They are all linear theories. Basic mathematical knowledge was developed in that century.
In the eighteenth century, humans studied motion, speed, and force. Isaac Newton as well as a German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz devoted their entire lifetime to the genius invention of calculus, which we only need few months to learn. Newton and Leibniz applied vector and quantity with direction and magnitude. Force and velocity are components of direction and magnitude. The three-dimensional space concept was applied in physics for over three hundred years without the knowledge that space has “at least” four dimensions.
In the nineteenth century, humans learned differential equations, orthogonal functions, and topology.