Bonner and Nieftagodien, Alexandra, p. 28.
18 Seeisoville was named after Chief Seeiso Lerothodi of Basotholand. See Pherudi, ML (2008) The History of an African Son from the Dusty Marantha-Maokeng, 1965–2007: Life History with Pictures. Gaborone: Botswana Printing and Publishing Company, p. 104.
19 Nieftagodien, N (2014) The Soweto Uprising. Auckland Park: Jacana Media, p. 14.
20 Pherudi, M (2009) Who’s Who in Maokeng, Volume 1. Gaborone: Botswana Printing and Publishing Company
21 Lodge, T (1983) Black Politics in South Africa Since 1945. Johannesburg: Ravan
22 Serfontein op. cit., p. 567.
23 University of the Witwatersrand Library Historical and Literary Papers (hereafter UWLHLP) AD1433 (Box CK5.3) Kroonstad Joint Council, ‘Draft of Memorandum on Granting of Trading Rights in Locations’.
24 UWLHLP Minutes: Joint Council of European and Natives, Kroonstad, 21 August 1934.
25 UWLHLP Joint Council of European and Natives, Minutes, Kroonstad, 20 March 1935.
26 Kroonstad Municipality Council Minutes, 21 February 1949 to 29 August 1949.
27 Bonner, P and Nieftagodien, N (2001) Kathorus: A History. Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman, p. 11.
28 Kros, C (1978) ‘Urban African Women’s Organisations and Protests on the Rand from the Years 1939 to 1956’. Honours dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand, p. 46.
29 Bonner and Nieftagodien, Kathorus, p. 12.
30 Umteteli wa Bantu, 6 July 1935.
31 Meli, F (1988) A History of the ANC: South Africa Belongs to Us. Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing House, p. 53.
32 Moloi, T (2013) ‘The Emergence and Radicalisation of Black Political Formations in Kroonstad, 1915–1957’, in New Contree (Special Edition), A Journal of Historical and Human Sciences for Southern Africa, 67 (November), p. 172.
33 Lodge, Black Politics, p. 3.
34 Walshe, P (1987) The Rise of African Nationalism in South Africa. Craighall: AD Donker, p. 205.
35 Wells, JC (1982) ‘The History of Black Women’s Struggle Against Pass Laws in South Africa, 1900–1960’. DPhil thesis, Columbia University, pp. 208–9.
36 Limb, P (2010) The ANC’s Early Years: Nation, Class, and Place in South Africa Before 1940. Pretoria: Unisa Press, p. 219.
37 Umteteli wa Bantu, 6 May 1936.
38 Rich, P (1989) ‘Managing Black Leadership: The Joint Councils, Urban Trading and Political Conflict in the OFS, 1925–1942’, in Phil Bonner, Isabel Hofmeyr, Deborah James and Tom Lodge (eds) Holding Their Ground: Class, Locality and Culture in 19th Century and 20th Century South Africa. Johannesburg: Ravan, p. 190.
39 Lodge, Black Politics, p. 6.
40 Johns SW (1970) ‘Trade Union, Political Pressure Group, or Mass Movement? The Industrial and Commercial Workers’ Union of Africa’, in Robert I Rotberg and Ali Mazrui (eds) Protest and Power in Black Africa. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 716.
41 Bradford op. cit., p. 178.
42 Bradford op. cit., p. 69.
43 It is possible that Kadalie was becoming jealous of ’Mote’s rapidly increasing popularity in the OFS. In 1927, for example, at an ICU meeting held in Parys, ’Mote was introduced by Simon Elias, who addressed about 600 people, as ‘my Jesus’, and when ’Mote ascended the platform to speak the crowd broke spontaneously into the song ‘God Save Africa’. FSPA SOO 1/1/47, No. 8/10 1946; see The Parys Post, 10 May 1927.
44 ’Mote was arrested for climbing the train in the section designated for whites, with the aim of informing the whites about the black people’s plight because of the council’s decision. See Serfontein op. cit., pp. 449–50.
45 Serfontein op. cit., p. 451.
46 Nieftagodien, N (2001) ‘The Implementation of Urban Apartheid on the East Rand, 1948–1973: The Role of Local Government and Local Resistance’. PhD thesis, University of the Witwatersrand.
47 Tetelman, M (1997) ‘We Can: Black Politics in Cradock, South Africa, 1984–85’. PhD thesis, Northwestern University, p. 26.
48 FSPA SOO 1/1/47, No. 8/10 1946 ‘Letter from Secretary of Education to the Secretary for Native Affairs, Pretoria’, 24 September 1927.
49 FSPA SOO 1/1/47, No. 8/10 1946 ‘Letter from Abiel Thabo Seele to the Secretary for Native Education, Bloemfontein’, 2 December 1936.
50 FSPA SOO 1/1/47, No. 8/10 1946 ‘Letter from Reverend C Jummen to the Secretary for Native Education, Bloemfontein’, 2 January 1937.
51 Cobley, AG (1990) Class and Consciousness: The Black Petty Bourgeoisie in South Africa, 1924 to 1950. New York: Greenwood Press, p. 69.
52 Tetelman op. cit., p. 26.
53 Bonner P and Nieftagodien N op. cit., p. 37.
54 Cobley op. cit., p. 208.
55 Setiloane op. cit., p. 5.
56 UWLHLP AD1947/65.2 (Box 39) Miscellaneous/Memoranda in South African Institute of Race Relations (SAIRR).
57 UWLHLP AD1433 (Box CK5.3) Kroonstad Joint Council: Letter: ‘letter from Father Martin to Rheinallt-Jones’, 27 October 1931.
58 See UWLHLP AD1433 (Box CK5.3) Kroonstad Joint Council: Letter: ‘letter from Father Martin Knight to Rheinallt-Jones’, 3 February 1932; ‘Letter from Rheinallt-Jones to Martin Knight’, 24 August 1932.
59 Ntantala op. cit
60 Ntantala op. cit., p. 120.
61 The reason for the ANC’s call for a national work stay-at-home was in protest against the shooting and killing of protesters by police on May Day in 1950.
62 Resha, M (1991) ‘Mangoana O Tsoara Thipa Ka Bohaleng’: My Life in the Struggle. Johannesburg: Cosaw, p. 112; see also Walker, C (1982) Women and Resistance in South Africa. London: Onyx Press.
63 Resha op. cit., p. 143.
64 The lodger’s permit contained the name of the wife and children, and a certain amount had to be paid every month. In 1939 the Native Advisory Board deputation requested, without success, that the name of the wife be removed from the lodger’s permit and the permit be reduced from 3 to 2 shillings per month; see Pherudi who’s who, p. 4.
65 Section 10 was introduced after the passing of the Native Laws Amendment Act of 1952. It determined which Africans had the right to be in the urban areas permanently. Those who were born in an urban area after the passing of the Act fell under section 10(1) (a); those who had worked continuously for one employer for ten years fell under section 10(1) (b); and, finally, section 10(1) (c) rights were allocated to women living in rural areas whose husbands possessed either section 10(1) (a) or (b). See, for example, Posel, D (1991) The Making of Apartheid 1948–1961: Conflict and Compromise. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
66 New Age, 30 April 1959.
67 Lodge, T. (2011) Sharpeville: An Apartheid Massacre and Its Consequences. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 100.
68 Callinicos, L (2005) Oliver Tambo: Beyond the Engeli Mountains. Cape Town: David Philip, pp. 254–6.
69 Lodge Sharpeville, p. 58.
70 Lodge Sharpeville, p. 200.
71 For a detailed account of the potato farm prisons in Bethal, see First, R (1947) ‘The Farm Labour Scandal’, New Age, Pamphlet 1947; Drum, March 1952.
CHAPTER TWO