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Gillespie, ‘The Clear Leadings of Providence’: Pious Memoirs and the Problems of Self-Realization for Women in the Early Nineteenth Century,” Journal of the Early Republic 5 (Summer 1985) on the roles of women; Carleton Hayden, “Black Ministry of the Episcopal Church: An Historical Overview,” in Black Clergy in the Episcopal Church: Recruitment, Training and Deployment, ed. Franklin Turner and Adair Lummis (New York: Seabury Professional Services for the Episcopal Office of Black Ministries, n.d.), J. Kenneth Morris, Elizabeth Evelyn Wright, 1872–1906, Founder of Voorhees College (Sewanee: University of the South, 1983), and OdeII Greenleaf Harris, It Can be Done: The Autobiography of a Black Priest of the Protestant Episcopal Church Who Started under the Bottom and Moved up to the Top, ed. Robert W. Prichard (Alexandria, Va.: Protestant Episcopal Theological Seminary in Virginia, 1985) on the roles of black Episcopalians; Owanah Anderson, Jamestown Commitment (Cincinnati: Forward Movement, 1988) on Native Americans; and Otto Berg, A Missionary Chronicle (Hollywood, Md.: St. Mary’s Press, 1984) on the role of the deaf.

       Founding the Church in anAge of Fragmentation(1585–1688)

      During James’s reign (1603–25), this Virginia colony was the primary focus of English colonial efforts. It was not, however, the only English settlement. Navigation was still an inexact science in the seventeenth century, and not all the ships headed for the new colony reached their intended destination. In 1612, the wreck of a ship bound for Virginia led to the establishment of an English colony in Bermuda, a collection of islands 580 miles to the east of the coast of North Carolina. In 1620, the Pilgrims, also bound for Virginia, landed at Plymouth, considerably to the north. In 1624 the English first visited the island of Barbados in the Caribbean, establishing a colony there three years later.

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