Haj to Utopia
THE CALIFORNIA WORLD HISTORY LIBRARY
Edited by Edmund Burke III, Kenneth Pomeranz, and Patricia Seed
1. The U nending Frontier: Environmental History of the Early Modern World, by John F. Richards
2. Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History, by David Christian
3. The Graves of Tarim: Genealogy and Mobility across the Indian Ocean, by Engseng Ho
4. Imperial Connections: India in the Indian Ocean Arena, 1860–1920, by Thomas R. Metcalf
5. Many Middle Passages: Forced Migration and the Making of the Modern World, edited by Emma Christopher, Cassandra Pybus, and Marcus Rediker
6. Domesticating the World: African Consumerism and the Genealogies of Globalization, by Jeremy Prestholdt
7. Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History, edited by Anne Walthall
8. Island World: A History of Hawai’i and the United States, by Gary Y. Okihiro
9. The Environment and World History, edited by Edmund Burke III and Kenneth Pomeranz
10. Pineapple Culture: A History of the Tropical and Temperate Zones, by Gary Y. Okihiro
11. The Pilgrim Art: Cultures of Porcelain in World History, by Robert Finlay
12. The Quest for the Lost Nation: Writing History in Germany and Japan in the American Century, by Sebastian Conrad; translated by Alan Nothnagle
13. The Eastern Mediterranean and the Making of Global Radicalism, 1860–1914, by Ilham Khuri-Makdisi
14. The Other West: Latin America from Invasion to Globalization, by Marcello Carmagnani
15. Mediterraneans: North Africa and Europe in an Age of Migration, c. 1800–1900, by Julia A. Clancy-Smith
16. History and the Testimony of Language, by Christopher Ehret
17. From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfs, by Sebouh David Aslanian
18. Berenike and the Ancient Maritime Spice Route, by Steven E. Sidebotham
19. Haj to Utopia: How the Ghadar Movement Charted Global Radicalism and Attempted to Overthrow the British Empire, by Maia Ramnath
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© 2011 by The Regents of the University of California
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Ramnath, Maia, 1973–.
Haj to Utopia : how the Ghadar movement charted global radicalism
and attempted to overthrow the British empire / Maia Ramnath.
p. cm. — (The California world history library ; no. 19)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978–0-520–26954–5 (cloth : alk. paper) —
ISBN 978–0-520–26955–2 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Hindustan Gadar Party—History—20th century. 2. India—Politics and government—20th century. 3. India—History—Autonomy and independence movements. 4. Nationalism—History—20th century. 5. Social movements—History—20th century. 6. Political activists—History—20th century. 7. Social reformers—History—20th century. 8. Revolutionaries—History—20th century. 9. World politics—1900–1918. 10. World politics—1919–1932. I. Title.
DS480.4.R37 2011
320.540954—dc22
2010052 331
Manufactured in the United States of America
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
In keeping with its commitment to support environmentally responsible and sustainable printing practices, UC Press has printed this book on Cascades Enviro 100, a 100% post consumer waste, recycled, de-inked fiber. FSC recycled certified and processed chlorine free. It is acid free, Ecologo certified, and manufactured by BioGas energy.
The publisher gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the Valerie Barth and Peter Booth Wiley Endowment Fund in History of the University of California Press Foundation.
CONTENTS
1. “The Air of Freedom”: Ghadar in America
2. Our Name Is Our Work: The Syndicalist Ghadar
3. Enemies of Enemies … : The Nationalist Ghadar
4. … and Friends: The Republican Ghadar
5. Toilers of the East: The Communist Ghadar
6. “Dear Muhammedan Brothers”: The Khilafatist Ghadar
7. Lal Salaams: Ghadar and the Bolshevik Muhajirin
MAPS
3. Northwest invasion
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Of the many