Into the Land of Bones
In honor of beloved Virgil—
“O degli altri poeti onore e lume …”
Into the Land of Bones
Alexander the Great in Afghanistan
Frank L. Holt
With a New Preface
Foreword by Peter Green
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
Berkeley Los Angeles London
The publisher gratefully acknowledges the generous contribution to this book provided by the Classical Literature Endowment Fund of the University of California Press Associates, which is supported by a major gift from Joan Palevshy.
University of California Press
Berkeley and Los Angeles, California
University of California Press, Ltd.
London, England
First paperback printing 2006
© 2005, 2012 by The Regents of the University of California
ISBN: 978-0-520-27432-7
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Holt, Frank Lee.
Into the land of bones : Alexander the Great in Afghanistan / Frank L. Holt.
p. cm.—(Hellenistic culture and society ; 47)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-520-24993-6 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Alexander, the Great, 356–323 B.C. 2. Afghanistan—
History, Military. I. Title. II. Series.
DF234.57.H65 2005
939’.6—dc22 2004024131
18 17 16 15 14 13 12
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
In keeping with a commitment to support environmentally responsible and sustainable printing practices, UC Press has printed this book on Natures Natural, a fiber that contains 30% post-consumer waste and meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R 1997) (Permanence of Paper).
For James Lafayette and Catherine Roberts Drinkard, Loving in-laws who gave me the gift of a lifetime
CONTENTS
Chapter Two. Hunting the Enemy
Chapter Three. A Desperate Struggle
Chapter Four. The Hydra Heads of Bactria
ILLUSTRATIONS
MAPS
4. Ai Khanoum
FOREWORD
Peter Green
In the spring of 328 B.C.E., near the heavily silted Oxus River in Bactria, Alexander’s friend and senior officer Ptolemy, having been commanded to sink a well for safe fresh water, instead struck a dark, odd-smelling, viscous liquid that neither he nor his men had ever seen. Feeling that this strange phenomenon might be ominous, he summoned both the king and the royal soothsayers, who duly pronounced “that the effusion was indeed a gift from heaven, but that it portended troubled times.” Here, says Professor Holt, is an ancient prophecy that we may well endorse, since the liquid was petroleum, “one of the prime moving forces of modern history.” Ironically, this glum but all-too-accurate forecast “is the very first reference to oil in western literature.”
Among much else that stuck in my memory when I first read Into the Land of Bones at the time of its original publication, this episode made a particular impression on me, since oil, along with Islam, has of course been almost the only major new factor driving events in the Middle East since Alexander’s day, and in Afghanistan—Alexander’s Bactria—has had less direct influence than elsewhere. Indeed, what continues to amaze me most about Holt’s truly magisterial narrative is the degree to which the problems confronting Alexander’s invading Macedonians there, two and a half millennia ago, remain identical with those currently at issue for the occupying U.S. forces today. Even what Holt, in his new preface, refers to, accurately, as the “messy endgame”—the post-war scramble that has already begun (though we hear little or nothing about this in the media) for control of Afghanistan’s vast mineral reserves—was going strong in the Hellenistic period following Alexander’s death, with a mining boom that quarried Bactria’s mountains to extract the ore that went, as he tells, to make literally tons of currency.
The geography, of course, changes least of all: even the rivers hemmed in between the Hindu Kush and the high Pamirs are largely defined by that wild and rocky landscape. Now, as in Alexander’s day, the borders are, as Holt nicely puts it, “nominal, not natural . . . porous to such a degree that rebels can easily drift across and regroup among friendly brethren.” How to tell who’s winning the war? Amid all the “parochialism, tribalism, fierce independence, and mutual hostility,” with local warlords playing their own game (Holt’s learned much about those Alexander had to deal with from their modern equivalents, as well as vice versa), to work out who’s an ally, who’s an enemy, especially when they’re liable