I, yudaneru
entrust
8 strokes
委員会 IINKAI committee
委任 ININ entrustment
委託金 ITAKUKIN trust money
Bronze . Has 女 37 ‘woman’, and 禾 87 ‘cereal’ bent with ripe grain (Qiu identifies as ‘foxtail millet’, Karlgren as ‘growing grain’, Ogawa as ‘rice’; Mizukami argues that ‘millet’ is correct, botanically speaking) as phonetic with associated sense ‘supple’, leading to extended senses such as ‘compliant; entrust’. Ma interprets as woman carrying cereal on her back, and by extension ‘to follow’. QX2000:176; BK1957:23; OT1968:727; MS1995:v2:960-61, v1:318-9; YK1976:54; MR2007:469.
Mnemonic: ENTRUST GRAIN PLANTS TO WOMAN
246
L4
意
I
mind, thought
13 strokes
注意 CHŪI attention, care
決意 KETSUI determination
意見 IKEN opinion
A late graph (Shuowen) . Has 心 164 ‘heart, mind, feelings’, and 音 6 (‘sound’) as phonetic with associated sense ‘full; congested’ (Yamada, Katō) or ‘keep contained, suppress’ (Ogawa). YK1976:55-6; KJ1970:17; OT1968:378.
Mnemonic: A THOUGHT IS A SOUND FROM THE MIND—OR THE HEART
247
L3
育
IKU, sodatsu/teru
raise, educate
8 strokes
教育 KYŌIKU education
育児 IKUJI childcare
育ち sodachi upbringing
Originally in OBI (corresponding to 毓: see also 432), depicting ‘woman’ with ‘child’ (baby being born) with dots for amniotic fluid. An abbreviated form of the graph, with its modern structure, is found from the seal script stage, consisting of 子 27 ‘child’ but inverted, over 肉 209 ‘meat, flesh’ in its abbreviated form 月, possibly as phonetic with associated sense ‘to be born’ (Yamada, Katō), but Tōdō considers 月 here to be semantic only. ‘Be raised/raise’ and ‘educate’ are extended meanings. MS1995:v2:1070-71; YK1976:57; KJ1970:52-3; TA1965:194.
Mnemonic: RAISING A FLESHY UPSIDE-DOWN CHILD IS AN EDUCATION!
248
L4
員
IN
member, official
10 strokes
会員 KAIIN member of group
全員 ZEN’IN all members
動員 DŌIN mobilization
Seal . OBI form shows the graph was originally a three-legged cauldron topped by a circle, depicting a round-necked vessel. As in the seal form (Shuowen) and modern form, the lower element might appear to be 貝 10 ‘shell currency’, which is incorrect but may be a helpful mnemonic. The top element 口 22 ‘round’ is semantic, and Tōdō takes it in this role only; Mizukami, Katō, and Yamada choose to take it as phonetic with associated meaning ‘round’, as well as semantic. ‘Member’ and ‘official’ appear to be modern meanings. TA1965:611-23; MS1995:v1:228-30; KJ1970:63; YK1976:60-61.
Mnemonic: OFFICIAL MEMBER MAKES SHELL-MONEY GO ROUND
249
L4
院
IN
institute
10 strokes
病院 BYŌIN hospital
寺院 JIIN temple
議院 GIIN the House
A late graph (Shuowen) . Has 阝 1907 ‘piled-up earth, mound, hill’ (see also 376), and 完 464 (‘complete’) as phonetic with associated sense of ‘earthen wall or fence around dwelling’; later used to denote the dwelling or building itself, typically an imposing one such as palace or temple. ‘Institute’ is a further extended usage. Tōdō includes in word-family meaning ‘round; surround’. YK1976:61; OT1968:1066; TA1965:611-19.
Mnemonic: INSTITUTE IS COMPLETE WITH EARTHEN WALL
250
L5
飲
IN, nomu
drink, swallow
12 strokes
飲用水 IN’YŌSUI drinking water
飲み物 nomimono drinks
飲み屋 nomiya tavern
OBI . Seal script has equivalent of 酓 on left, conveying ‘bitter wine taste’, or ‘drink’ (‘wine barrel’ with 今 as phonetic), and 欠 496 ‘gaping mouth’/‘lack’ on the right. Later, 食 ‘meal’ 163 was substituted as left-hand element. Earlier OBI form simply depicts person bending over wine barrel or similar to drink. YK1976:61; OT1968:533, 1026.
Mnemonic: LACK FOOD, SO SWALLOW DRINK
251
L4
運
UN, hakobu
transport, luck progress
12 strokes
運動 UNDŌ movement
不運 FUUN bad luck
運び hakobi state of affairs
Late graph (Shuowen) . Has determinative 辶 85 ‘walk, go’, and 軍 490 (‘wheels’/‘army’) as phonetic with associated sense ‘round’. KJ1970:74; YK1976:63.
Mnemonic: ARMY NEEDS WHEELED TRANSPORT AND LUCK TO PROGRESS
252
L3
泳
EI, oyogu
swim
8 strokes
水泳 SUIEI swimming
背泳 HAIEI backstroke
平泳ぎ hiraoyogi breaststroke
A late graph (Shuowen) . Has 氵 42 ‘water’, and 永 644 (‘long’) as phonetic with associated sense ‘flutter; float’. KJ1970:79; YK1976:64-5.
Mnemonic:
