had our doubts whether it can and may really be this simple and whether people are actually willing to accept such simple aids. Over and again we were reminded of the words of a wise person, “All real truth is simple.”
Almost a year after our joint work had started we received the following message in addition to the request to cease all superfluous activities:
“Regarding the work with symbols we advise you not to give up but to continue striving for cooperation. It is urgently and essentially necessary that considerateness be practised by both sides. We have brought you together so that you may complement one another where either of you is lacking. We once again ask for your goodwill and request you to carry out this task. This project must be started. The preconditions are good to very good.
Motivation, however, is tedious and difficult. Pressure must be exercised so that the necessity becomes clear. The two of you must agree yet again to commence with the typesetting. With typesetting we mean in this case that the entire text of this book must be type-set and must be made reproducable. Thus, this is the calm before the storm, it is the beginning of knowledge being transferred to the public, knowledge on the interrelatedness and opportunities that humankind has in this part of the world.”
1 Due to the age of these manuscripts they may not be copied, since this would destroy them. By reproducing them by way of the microfiche procedure, the symbols and the surrounding text appear white on dark background. In the original they are of course black on white.
2 Règine Pernoud, Hildegard von Bingen, Page 105
Life and work of Hildegard von Bingen
Hildegard von Bingen is one of the most significant and important personalities of the medieval times in Europe. It is thus not astonishing that the work of this great mystic, natural researcher and medical practitioner is today again gaining in importance, since we are living in a time where holistic thinking has become more necessary than ever before.
Childhood and youth
Hildegard was born in 1098 in the town of Bermersheim in Rhine-Hesse. She was the tenth child of the nobleman Hildebert and his wife Mechthild. Those were moving times during which the crusades kept the world on tenterhooks, and state and church fought fierce battles of power. But the surroundings of Hildegard remained largely untouched by this. As a daughter of noble parents she grew up well protected. Before her birth already, the parents had decided that this child would be dedicated to God as a tithe and would thus be sent to an abbey, as was usually done during her times. At the tender age of eight years Hildegard thus moved to the sixteen-year-old Jutta von Sponheim into a women’s hermitage that was linked to the Benedictine monastery on the mountain Disibodenberg near Bingen. The hermitage had but one small window towards the monastery’s church and a barred window to the outside world. It was surrounded by a small garden that was to contribute to maintaining the good health of the women. Here Hildegard learnt reading and writing. And here the foundation of her knowledge of nature and its healing powers was laid. With the acquisition of this knowledge she followed the customary path of her times, because knowledge of medicinal plants, as well as the preparation of ointments and medicines were the “tasks of a woman” in medieval times. In 1114 Hildegard took the veil and started her life as Benedictine sun.
Visions and writings
Hildegard’s special gift became evident from an early age onward: a visionary ability that she herself referred to as “seeing”. Retrospectively she describes how she as a child saw a great light that let her “soul shiver”, but because she was still so young, she could not put this experience into words. As a child she generally still spoke very openly about her ability of “seeing”. For example, at the age of five she predicted the exact appearance and patterning of the skin of a still unborn calf. However, as Hildegard grew older she increasingly kept such statements to herself. Only at the age of twenty-four, when the visions became stronger and more pressing and after she had been severely ill, she interpreted this “seeing” as God-given and, with the support of Monk Volmar and Abbot Kuno, she commenced her first work.
In Scivias (Know the paths) the background and dimensions of creation are portrayed in a spectacular manner. In 1151 she completed this work. Even during its creation Scivias found great recognition by spiritual dignitaries, including the pope of the times, Pope Eugene III., and the holy Bernhard de Clairvaux. As prophetissa teutonica Hildegard was honoured and respected throughout Europe.
In the years 1150 to 1160 she wrote no new visionary works. But Hildegard recorded her entire knowledge of plants, animals and medicinal remedies. She wrote books on natural science (Physica) and medicine (Causae et curae). These contain descriptions of plants, animals, stones and metals, but Hildegard also pointed out what natural healing powers they contain for man. At all times she maintained a clearly holistic perspective of creation. Books such as these led to Hildegard being referred to as “doctor” and to date she is still often chosen as patron saint of hospitals.
In 1158 Hildegard began working on her second visionary writing Liber vita meritorum (Book of Merits of Life). This is a book on ethics, covering various topics: marriage, family, living together as human beings, nature and science. Here we encounter the topics of “virtues and vices” that we mentioned before. Since freedom is part of the very being of humankind, God has given us an order of virtues to keep creation and to give us guidance in the world. This order has as its basis “the deeply physiological insight that the very same fundamental powers and needs continue to exist and are able to uphold or destroy the inner fundamental needs.”3 By defining these needs as “unhealthy or healing patterns of life” we emphasise their relevance in our times. The fundamental needs have not changed since then.
After Hildegard had completed this work, she wrote De operatione Dei (Book of God’s Works) between 1163 and 1173 on the basis of yet another vision. It describes the history of salvation from genesis to apocalypse. At the centre is man, whom God has given the responsibility for nature. Cosmos and nature serve man and man in turn serves God, together with the cosmos and nature. By seeing God’s work in everything and in every one of his creations, man can work towards the final order and can thus become co-creator.
Music
When we talk about Hildegard and her work, we may not forget music. Music played an important role in the Christian liturgy of medieval times. It is through music that the biblical text, that always was in the centre, gained even greater importance. Here too, Hildegard followed her very own ways.
She did not only set biblical texts to music, but also composed music on scenes of her visions. These compositions exceeded all that was known in her times in terms of lyrics and music. They formed an important part of the unusual celebrations of mass at Rupertsberg, served to worship God and were understood as a preemption of the jubilations of the “heavenly Jerusalem”.
Establishment of monasteries and nunneries
In 1150 Hildegard established an own nunnery on the mountain Rupertsberg near Bingen on the basis of a vision she had received. This was done against immense resistance from the side of the monks of Disibodenberg who, understandably, feared that the importance of their abbey would decrease if Hildegard moved away. In spite of this resistance, Hildegard succeeded in finding influential people to help her with her endeavours and thus the legal foundation and the financing of the nunnery were ensured after many disputes with Abbot Kuno. These disputes still continued after she had moved to the new nunnery. At times the financial situation of the nuns was so dire that they had to rely on alms from the population of Bingen. The economic situation of the new nunnery, however, changed fundamentally when the visionary writing Scivias was completed and was met with great recognition. Believers flocked to Rupertsberg on their pilgrimages and the economic existence of the nunnery was ensured through generous donations. In 1165 an affiliated nunnery was established in Eibingen near Rüdesheim that was also to open its doors for non-aristocratic nuns.
Journeys and sermons
At the age of sixty Hildegard did her first preaching tour to Mainz, Würzburg and Bamberg. A second journey led her via Trier to Metz, a third journey to Cologne and Werden on the river Ruhr, the fourth and last tour led her to Maulbronn, Hirsau,