International Responses to Mass Atrocities in Africa
PENNSYLVANIA STUDIES IN HUMAN RIGHTS
Bert B. Lockwood, Jr., Series Editor
A complete list of books in the series is available from the publisher.
INTERNATIONAL RESPONSES TO MASS ATROCITIES IN AFRICA
Responsibility to Protect, Prosecute, and Palliate
Kurt Mills
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS
PHILADELPHIA
Copyright © 2015 University of Pennsylvania Press
All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations used for purposes of review or scholarly citation, none of this book may be reproduced in any form by any means without written permission from the publisher.
Published by
University of Pennsylvania Press
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4112
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Mills, Kurt, author.
International responses to mass atrocities in Africa : responsibility to protect, prosecute, and palliate / Kurt Mills.
pages cm. (Pennsylvania studies in human rights)
Includes bibliographical references and index
ISBN 978-0-8122-4737-4 (alk. paper)
1. Humanitarian intervention—Africa, Sub-Saharan—International cooperation—Case studies. 2. Conflict management—Africa, Sub-Saharan—International cooperation—Case studies. 3. Genocide intervention—Africa, Sub-Saharan—International cooperation—Case studies. 4. Intervention (International law)—Case studies. I. Mills, Kurt. II. Title. III. Series: Pennsylvania studies in human rights.
| JZ6369 .M55 2015 | 2015009521 |
For Habibi
It’s not too late
For making a new world
It’s not too late
For making a better world
—Zap Mama, “A New World”
CONTENTS
Chapter 1. Interrogating International Responsibilities
Chapter 2. Rwanda: The Failure of “Never Again”
Chapter 3. Democratic Republic of the Congo: Protecting Civilians?
Chapter 4. Uganda (and Beyond): Testing the International Criminal Court
Chapter 5. Darfur: The Post-World Summit Test
Chapter 6. Realizing R2P3: Labeling, Institutions, and Authority
ABBREVIATIONS
| ADFL | Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire |
| ADF-NALU | Allied Democratic Forces-National Army for the Liberation of Uganda |
| AFRICOM | United States Africa Command |
| AMIS | African Union Mission in Sudan |
| AMISOM | African Union Mission in Somalia |
| APC | armored personnel carrier |
| APSA | African Peace and Security Architecture |
| ASF | African Standby Force |
| ASP | Assembly of States Parties |
| AU | African Union |
| CAR | Central African Republic |
| CNDP | Congrès National pour la Défense du Peuple |
| CONOPS | concept of operations |
| DPKO | Department of Peacekeeping Operations |
| DRC | Democratic Republic of the Congo |
| ECOWAS | Economic Community of West African States |
| FAC | Forces Armées Conglaises |
| FAR | Forces Armées Rwandaises |
| FARDC | Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo |
| FDD | Forces pour la Défense de la Démocratie |
| FDLR | Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Rwanda |
| FDLR-FCA | Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Rwanda-Forces Combattantes Abacunguzi |
| FNI | Front de Nationalistes et Intégrationnistes |
| FNL | Forces Nationales de Libération |
| FPLC | Forces Patriotiques pour la libération du Congo |
| FRPI | Force de Résistance Patriotique en Ituri |