International Responses to Mass Atrocities in Africa. Kurt Mills

GoS Government of Sudan GoSS Government of South Sudan HRW Human Rights Watch HSM Holy Spirit Movement IASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee ICC International Criminal Court ICG International Crisis Group ICGLR International Conference on the Great Lakes Region ICISS International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross ICTR International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia IDP internally displaced person IEMF Interim Emergency Multinational Force IHL international humanitarian law IHO international humanitarian organization IRC International Rescue Committee JEM Justice and Equality Movement LDU local defense unit LJM Liberation and Justice Movement LRA Lord’s Resistance Army M23 Mouvement du 23 Mars MLC Mouvement de Libération du Congo MONUC UN Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo MONUSCO UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo MSF Médecins sans Frontières NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGO nongovernmental organization NMRD National Movement for Reform and Development NRA National Resistance Army NRM National Resistance Movement OAU Organization of African Unity OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance OTP Office of the Prosecutor P5 permanent members of UN Security Council PoC protection of civilians PSC Peace and Security Council R2P Responsibility to Protect R2P³ responsibility to protect, prosecute and palliate RCD Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie RCD-G Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie-Goma RPA Rwandan Patriotic Army RPF Rwandan Patriotic Front SADC Southern African Development Community SLA Sudan Liberation Army SPLA Sudan People’s Liberation Army STAREC Stabilization and Reconstruction Plan for Eastern DRC UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights UNAMID UN Mission in Darfur UNAMIR UN Mission in Rwanda UNAMSIL UN Mission in Sierra Leone UNGA UN General Assembly UNHCHR UN High Commissioner for Human Rights UNHCR UN High Commissioner for Refugees UNHRC UN Human Rights Council UNLA Ugandan National Liberation Army UNMIS UN Mission in Sudan UNPROFOR UN Protection Force UNSC UN Security Council UPC Union des Patriotes Congolais UPDA Ugandan People’s Democratic Army UPDF Ugandan People’s Defence Force URF United Resistance Front USAID United States Agency for International Development WFP World Food Program ZCSC Zairian Camp Security Contingent

      Introduction

       Responding to Mass Atrocities

      The core concern of this book is how have, can, and should mass atrocities be addressed? It is thus historical, analytical, and normative. It is historical because it examines how the international community responded to four cases of mass atrocities, although three of these situations are, in one way or another, still ongoing. It is analytical in that it provides a typology of the different types of responses and how these responses interact. It is normative because it begins with the underlying assumption that the international community should “do something” about mass atrocity situations, and that the “somethings”—military intervention to stop atrocities, holding individuals criminally responsible for atrocities, and providing basic assistance to help people survive