Development Policy on Patterns of Urban Growth in China,” in Gavin Jones and Pravin Visaria (eds), Urbanization in Large Developing Countries, Oxford 1997, pp. 62–63.
17 Yue-man Yueng and Fu-chen Lo, “Global restructuring and emerging urban corridors in Pacific Asia,” in Lo and Yeung (eds), Emerging World Cities in Pacific Asia, Tokyo 1996, p. 41.
18 Gregory Guldin, What’s a Peasant to Do? Village Becoming Town in Southern China, Boulder 2001, p. 13.
19 UN-Habitat, The Challenge of the Slums: Global Report on Human Settlements 2003, [henceforth: Challenge], London 2003, p. 3.
20 Guldin, ibid.
21 Sidney Goldstein, “Levels of Urbanization in China,” in Mattei Dogon and John Kasarda (eds), The Metropolis Era: Volume One – A World of Giant Cities, Newbury Park 1988, pp. 210–21.
22 Census 2001, Office of the Registrar General India; and Alain Durand-Lasserve and Lauren Royston, “International Trends and Country Contexts,” in Durand-Lasserve and Royston (eds), Holding Their Ground: Secure Land Tenure for the Urban Poor in Developing Countries, London 2002, p. 20.
23 Mbuji-Mayi is the center of the “ultimate company state” in the Kaasai region run by the Société Minière de Bakwanga. See Michela Wrong, In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz, London 2000, pp. 121–23.
24 Miguel Villa and Jorge Rodriguez, “Demographic trends in Latin America’s metropolises, 1950–1990,” in Alan Gilbert (ed.), The Mega-City in Latin America, Tokyo 1996, pp. 33–34.
25 Guldin, pp. 14–17.
26 Jeremy Seabrook, In the Cities of the South: Scenes from a Developing World, London 1996, pp. 16–17.
27 Guldin, ibid. See also Jing Neng Li, “Structural and Spatial Economic Changes and Their Effects on Recent Urbanization in China,” in Gavin Jones and Pravin Visaria (eds), Urbanization in Large Developing Countries, Oxford 1997, p. 44. Ian Yeboah finds a desakota-like pattern around Accra, whose sprawling form (188 percent increase in surface area in 1990s) and recent automobilization he attributes to the impact of structural adjustment policies. (“Demographic and Housing Aspects of Structural Adjustment and Emerging Urban Form in Accra,”Africa Today, pp. 108, 116–17.)
28 Thomas Sieverts, Cities Without Cities: An Interpretation of the Zwischenstadt, London 2003, p. 3.
29 Drakakis-Smith, p. 21.
30 See overview in T. McGhee, “The Emergence of Desakota Regions in Asia: Expanding a Hypothesis,” in Northon Ginsburg, Bruce Koppell and T. McGhee (eds), The Extended Metropolis: Settlement Transition in Asia, Honolulu 1991. Philip Kelly, in his book on Manila, agrees with McGhee about the specificity of the Southeast Asian path of urbanization, but argues that desakota landscapes are unstable, with agriculture slowly being squeezed out. (Everyday Urbanization: The Social Dynamics of Development in Manila’s Extended Metropolitan Region, London 1999, pp. 284–86.)
31 Adrian Aguilar and Peter Ward, “Globalization, regional development, and mega-city expansion in Latin America: Analyzing Mexico City’s peri-urban hinterland,”Cities 20:1 (2003), pp. 4, 18. The authors claim that desakota-like development does not occur in Africa: “Instead city growth tends to be firmly urban and large-city based, and is contained within clearly defined boundaries. There is not meta-urban or peri-urban development that is tied to, and driven by, processes, in the urban core.” (P. 5) But certainly Gautang (Witwatersrand) must be accounted as an example of “regional urbanization” fully analogous to Latin American examples.
32 Ranjith Dayaratne and Raja Samarawickrama, “Empowering Communities: The Peri-Urban Areas of Colombo,”Environment and Urbanization 15:1 (April 2003),p. 102. (See also, in the same issue, L. van den Berg, M. van Wijk and Pham Van Hoi, “The Transformation of Agricultural and Rural Life Downsteam of Hanoi”.)
33 Magdalena Nock, “The Mexican Peasantry and the Ejido in the Neo-liberal Period,” in Deborah Bryceson, Cristobal Kay and Jos Mooij (eds), Disappearing Peasantries? Rural Labour in Africa, Asia and Latin America, London 2000, p. 173.
34 Financial Times, 16 December 2003, 27 July 2004.
35 New York Times, 28 July 2004.
36 Wang Mengkui, advisor to the State Council, quoted in the Financial Times, 26 November 2003.
37 Goldstein, table 7.1, p. 201; 1978 figure from Guilhem Fabre, “La Chine,” in Thierry Paquot, Les Monde des Villes: Panorama Urbain de la Planète, Paris 1996, p. 187. It is important to note that the World Bank’s time series differs from Fabre’s, with a 1978 urbanization rate of 18 percent, not 13 percent. (See World Bank, World Development Indicators, 2001, CD-Rom version.)
38 World Bank, World Development Report 1995: Workers in an Integrating World, New York 1995, p. 170.
39 Population rank from Thomas Brinkhoff (www.citypopulation.de); GDP rank from Denise Pumain, “Scaling Laws and Urban Systems,”Santa Fe Institute Working Paper 04-02-002, Santa Fe 2002, p. 4.
40 Josef Gugler, “Introduction – II. Rural–Urban Migration,” in Gugler (ed.), Cities in the Developing World: Issues, Theory and Policy, Oxford 1997, p. 43.
41 Sally Findley emphasizes that everyone in the 1980s underestimated levels of continuing rural–urban migration and resulting rates of urbanization. (“The Third World City,” in John Kasarda and Allen Parnell (eds), Third World Cities: Problems, Policies and Prospects, Newbury Park 1993, p. 14.)
42 Nigel Harris, “Urbanization, Economic Development and Policy in Developing Countries,”Habitat International 14:4 (1990), pp. 21–22.
43 David Simon, “Urbanization, globalization and economic crisis in Africa,” in Rakodi, Urban Challenge, p. 95. For growth rates of English industrial cities 1800–50, see Edna Weber, The Growth of Cities in the Nineteenth Century, New York 1899, pp. 44, 52–53.
44 A. Oberai, Population Growth, Employment and Poverty in Third World Mega-Cities (ILO Studies), London 1993, p. 165.
45 UNEP, African Environment Outlook: Past, Present and Future Perspectives, quoted in Al Ahram Weekly, 2–8 October 2003 (Africa); Alain Jacquemin, Urban Development and New Towns in the Third World, Aldershot 1999, p.