Handbook for Hajj and Umrah. Sarwar Alam Raz

of Allah. The Jamarāt are located within a few hundred feet of one another in a line and are named as follows:

      Jamrat al-Ūlā: The first stone pillar in the line.

      Jamrat al-Wusṭā: The second (middle) stone pillar in the line.

      Jamrat al-Kubrā: The last stone pillar in the line. This is also called Jamrat al-ʿUqbah.

      Kaffārah: literally, expiation is another name for Dam.

      Maḥram: The husband or a male companion of a female pilgrim to whom her marriage is expressly prohibited by the Sharīʿah (e.g., father, brother, uncle, nephew, etc.). A woman must necessarily be accompanied by a Maḥram for Ḥajj and ʿUmrah.

      Maqām Ibrāhīm: The step-stone used by Prophet Ibrāhīm during the original construction of the Kaʿbah. The stone carries the imprints of his feet, and is housed in a glass enclosure on the north side of the Kaʿbah.

      Marwah: A small knoll (i.e., hillock) located approximately one hundred and fifty yards from the Kaʿbah. The pilgrim performs the devotional rite of Saʿī between the knolls of Ṣafā and Marwah.

      Masjid al-Ḥarām: The mosque around the Kaʿbah also known as Ḥaram al-Sharīf.

      Mīqāt: An imaginary boundary around Makkah. A prospective pilgrim cannot cross this boundary without first changing into Iḥrām. This boundary is anchored by different townships and localities in different directions (Dhu’l-Ḥulaifa in the north, Yalamlam in the south-east, Dhāt ʿIrq in the north-east, Juḥfah in the north-west, Qarn al-Manāzil in the east). The pilgrim changes into Iḥrām at Mīqāt and pronounces his intention to perform Ḥajj or ʿUmrah. For people living inside the Mīqāt permanently, their place of residence is their Mīqāt.

      Minā: A desert location approximately three miles from Makkah where several Ḥajj rites are performed.

      Muʿallim: A knowledgeable professional who can guide the pilgrim during Ḥajj; also called a Muṭawwif.

      Muḥrim: A pilgrim in the state of Iḥrām.

      Multazam: The part of the Kaʿbah between its door and Ḥajar al-Aswad. This is a specially sacred part of the Kaʿbah. It is recommended that, if possible, the pilgrim should touch the Kaʿbah at Multazam and offer supplications to Allah. However, this is not a part of the prescribed rites of Ḥajj.

      Mutamattiʿ: One who has performed Ḥajj al-Tamattuʿ.

      Muṭawwif: See Muʿallim.

      Muzdalifah: A desert location approximately midway between Minā and ʿArafāt. The pilgrim spends the night of the 10th of Dhu’l-Ḥijjah here.

      Niyyah: Intention. All acts of worship are preceded by an appropriate niyyah.

      Qārin: One who has performed Ḥajj al-Qirān.

      Qaṣr: The mode of shortened prayers usually offered when on a journey.

      Ramal: The ritual in which male pilgrims are required to walk briskly with their chests thrust forward and their shoulders slightly rolling during the first three circuits of Ṭawāf al-Qudūm. Ladies are not required to practise Ramal.

      Ramī: The act of symbolically stoning the devil (shaiṭān) in Minā on the 10th through the 13th of Dhu’l-Ḥijjah. This commemorates the tradition that Prophet Ibrāhīm was tempted three times by the devil, and rejected all three of his overtures by stoning him and driving him away. These three locations are symbolised by three stone pillars in Minā. See also Jamarāt.

      Ṣafā: A small knoll approximately 200 yards from the Kaʿbah inside the Masjid al-Ḥarām. The pilgrim performs the devotional act of Saʿī between the knolls of Ṣafā and Marwah.

      Saʿī: The devotional act of walking seven times between the knolls of Ṣafā and Marwah. This act retraces the footsteps of Hājar, wife of Prophet Ibrāhīm , during her desperate search for water for her infant son Ismāʿīl after they were left in the desert by Prophet Ibrāhīm in response to a Divine vision.

      Ṣalāt: Obligatory or supererogatory prayers.

      Shawṭ: One complete circumambulation, or circuit, of the Kaʿbah. Each shawṭ (pl. ashwāṭ) starts and ends at Ḥajar al-Aswad. Seven ashwāṭ constitute one Ṭawāf.

      Talbiyah: A devotional recital of the following words by the pilgrim during Ḥajj and ʿUmrah:

       Labbaik Allāhumma Labbaik. Labbaik, Lā Sharīka Laka, Labbaik. Innal-Ḥamda, Wan-Niʿmata Laka wa’l-Mulk, Lā Sharīka Lak.

       (Here I am at Thy service O Lord, here I am. Here I am at Thy service and Thou hast no partner. Thine alone is All Praise and All Bounty, and Thine alone is the Sovereignty. Thou hast no partner.)

      The Talbiyah is a prayer as well as an assertion of the pilgrim’s conviction that he intends to perform Ḥajj only for the glory of Allah. The pilgrim starts the recital upon changing into the Iḥrām, and continues to recite it frequently throughout Ḥajj. Male pilgrims recite the Talbiyah loudly whereas female pilgrims are required to recite it in a low voice.

      Taqṣīr: Shortening or clipping of the whole head of hair by the male pilgrim following the completion of Ḥajj. This may be performed in lieu of Ḥalq. The Sunnah of Rasūl Allāh supports only Taqṣīr and Ḥalq.

      Ṭawāf: The devotional act of circumambulating the Kaʿbah while reciting prayers. It constitutes an integral part of Ḥajj and ʿUmrah. There are five different types of Ṭawāf one may perform:

      Ṭawāf al-Ifāḍah: The Ṭawāf performed by the pilgrim on the 10th of Dhu’l-Ḥijjah as the last formal rite of Ḥajj in Makkah after changing into everyday clothes (also called Ṭawāf al-Ziyārah).

      Ṭawāf al-Nafl: A devotional Ṭawāf which may be performed any time.

      Ṭawāf al-Qudūm: The initial Ṭawāf performed by the pilgrim upon entering the Masjid al-Ḥarām in Makkah