Biko: A Biography. Xolela Mangcu

Abantu Besizwe, 312-313.

[41] Mostert, Frontiers, 465.

[42] Mqhayi, Abantu Besizwe, 212.

[43] AC Jordan (1973). Towards an African Literature: The Emergence of Literary Form in South Africa (Los Angeles: University of California Press), 50-51.

[44] Mostert, Frontiers, 480.

[45] Peires, The House of Phalo, 83-84.

[46] Peires, The House of Phalo, 75.

[47] Martin Legassick (2010). The Struggle for the Eastern Cape 1800-1854: Subjugation and the Roots of South African Democracy (Johannesburg: KMM Review Publishers), 8.

[48] A ngcongolo is a reed, which suggests Read may have been a tall man.

[49] Legassick, The Struggle for the Eastern Cape, 25-26.

[50] Legassick, The Struggle for the Eastern Cape, 38.

[51] Levine, A Living Man From Africa, 74.

[52] Legassick, The Struggle for the Eastern Cape, 73.

[53] Legassick, The Struggle for the Eastern Cape, 66.

[54] Interview with Bernard Zylstra, 1977.

[55] Legassick, The Struggle for the Eastern Cape, 90.

[56] Legassick, The Struggle for the Eastern Cape, 101.

[57] Williams, The Journal and Selected Writings of the Reverend Tiyo Soga, 5.

[58] Rubusana, Benson Walter and SC Satyo (2002 [1906]). Zemk’Iinkomo Magwalandini (Cape Town: New Africa Books), 4.

[59] Levine (2010), A Living Man From Africa.

[60] This Uniondale is not to be confused with the one in the Karoo.

[61] Quoted in Mcebisi Ndletyana (2008). African Intellectuals in 19th and Early 20th Century South Africa (Cape Town: HSRC Press), 20.

[62] See Donovan Williams (1978). Umfundisi: A Biography of Tiyo Soga, 1829-1871 (Alice: Lovedale Press).

[63] Tiyo Soga’s reply to Chalmers under the pseudonym Defensor, King William’s Town Gazette and Kaffrarian Banner, 11 May 1865.

[64] John Chalmers (1877). Tiyo Soga: A Page of South African Mission Work (Edinburgh: Andrew Elliott), 430.

[65] Williams, The Journal and Selected Writings of Tiyo Soga, 175.

[66] Biko, I Write What I Like, 113.

[67] David Attwell (2005). Rewriting Modernity: Studies in Black South African Literary History (Scotsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press), 46.

[68] Williams, Umfundisi, 125.

[69] Masilela, interview with Sandile Ngidi, 2000.

[70] André Odendaal (1984). Vukani Bantu!: The Beginnings of Black Protest Politics in South Africa to 1912 (Cape Town: David Philip).

[71] Odendaal, Vukani Bantu!, 15.

[72] Sol Plaatje (2007). Native Life in South Africa (Johannesburg: Picador Africa), 165-166.

[73] Plaatje, Native Life in South Africa, 162-163.

[74] Odendaal, Vukani Bantu!, 15.

[75] AC Jordan (1973). Towards an African Literature: The Emergence of Literary Form in South Africa (Los Angeles: University of California Press), 116.

[76] Nelson Mandela (1994). Long Walk to Freedom (Little, Brown), 35-36.

[77] Jordan, Towards an African Literature, 113.

[78] Millard Arnold (ed.) (1979). The Testimony of Steve Biko (London: Maurice Temple Smith), xv.