has intense summer rain; in spite of this, evaporation is great and the equatorial current is boosted along, flowing into the Gulf of Mexico with some rapidity.
In the Antilles, which form the eastern and northern boundaries of the Caribbean Sea, we find islands clad still in fairly thick jungle vegetation, with coastal mangroves, but also many sandy islets and bars and real coral reefs. Though the Guiana coast was too muddy to support coral reefs, these are found fringing the islands north of Venezuela, such as Curaçao. There are also many reefs along the western shore of the Caribbean, particularly at the corner of Nicaragua and Honduras, at the end of the shallow Mosquito Bank. Throughout the West Indies the distribution of sea-birds is linked primarily with available food, but that of the breeding adults probably also with available nesting-sites. Islets where there are exposures of rock or sand are much favoured, but some species as we have seen, including the red-footed booby, the brown pelican, the bigua cormorant, the darter Anhinga anhinga, and some terns, nest in trees. One very rare petrel Pterodroma hasitata (see here) nests above the tree-line on some of the West Indian islands, among the rocks of steep mountains.
A typical sea-bird islet in the West Indies is Desecheo, described by Alexander Wetmore. This lies in the hot dry zone west of Porto Rico. It is a rocky islet with cliffs and a gravel beach, and a thin top-soil covered with a dense thicket of cacti and the curious West Indian birch. Here brown boobies nested on the ground among the thickets and floundered through the prickly pear and cactus. Sooty terns nested on ledges, on shelves on the limestone cliffs, and B. S. Bowdish found a few bridled terns Sterna anaetheta, nesting on flat ledges. This species also breeds on the little islets or cays of the Barrier Reef south of Jamaica, among the broken coral rock and the mangroves.
North of the Antilles the low-lying British islands of the Bahamas occupy a large area of the west Atlantic. The blue Atlantic beats directly against steep east-facing limestone cliffs, while to the west there are shelving beaches. Many of these islands are covered with cacti, and the sea-grape Coccolobis, which forms low, thick vegetation in which brown boobies nest, scraping slight hollows in the ground and lining them with grass. In some Bahamas the man-o’-war bird builds its nest quite on top of the prickly pears, though more normally on the mangroves in the swamps, together with brown pelicans and the double-crested cormorant of Florida Phalacrocorax auritus floridanus. Upon the more exposed sandspits in the Bahamas several kinds of tern breed, including the gull-billed tern, the little tern Sterna albifrons, the roseate tern S. dougallii, Cabot’s tern Thalasseus sandvicensis, and the sooty tern.
The coast of the Gulf of Mexico is low-lying, with coral reefs and an extensive continental shelf, especially off Yucatan. Breeding sea-birds are scarce, except terns and the ubiquitous bigua cormorant, which is as much a fresh-water as a salt-water bird. The Sandwichtern, which is known as Cabot’s tern in North America, breeds in several parts of the Gulf coast of Mexico, which is more suited for terns than for any other sea-birds. On the grassy islands among the lagoons and marshes of the Texas coast, the gull-billed tern and Forster’s tern Sterna forsteri, are found. The beautiful Caspian tern Hydroprogne caspia, also nests in a few places on sandy islands, and there is an interesting outpost breeding-station of the white pelican Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, on the Laguna de la Madre, south of Corpus Christi, near the Border. The rest of the population of this fine bird is found in western North America.
Along the Louisiana coast, where there are many protected reservations, there are very big colonies of the laughing gull Larus atricilla, especially in the marshy islands of the Mississippi delta, which are overgrown with grass and low mangroves. One of the reservations is in the Breton Islands, 114 miles off the main Louisiana coast. Here are great colonies of terns on low flat sandy spits, including Caspian, Cabot’s and royal Thalasseus maximus (Bent 1921). Forster’s and common terns Sterna hirundo, also nest in the Breton Islands, as do numbers of the extraordinary black skimmer, an aberrant tern whose lower mandible is prolonged and with which it scoops food from the surface of the sea. The peninsula of Florida has to its west an immense continental shelf, along the lower end of which is a famous chain of Keys. Beyond Key West, at the terminus of the Key railway, many miles to sea, lie the dry Tortugas, flat islands of coral, their surface, largely of coral sand, clothed in parts with dense cactus as well as with bay cedar, with many bare and grassy spaces between. On the cedars and the cactus immense numbers of noddy terns nest: often over the nests of the sooty terns on the ground below.
The Florida coast has one of the best stations in the U.S.A. for the roseate tern. The darter, which most North Americans allude to as the water-turkey (it is a fresh water lover), and the double-crested cormorant of Florida, commonly nest in trees in many swampy places along the coast. Brown pelicans nest by lagoons and in mangrove-keys on both sides of the peninsula.
Naturalists accustomed to British coast conditions can have little notion of the interminability of the low-lying eastern coast of North America. Indeed, on the entire stretch of mainland coast from Southern Mexico to Maine, about four thousand miles, there is not a single cliff, nor indeed a mountain coming down to the sea. All through Florida, Georgia, the Carolinas, Virginia and Maryland to the New England States, runs a complex of lowland and shallow shores, broken in places by inlets such as those of Chesapeake and Delaware Bays and Long Island Sound. This is a tern coast. In the northern parts the effect of the Labrador current is felt and there is a fairly steep decline in temperature, which is why such tropical forms as the brown pelican and Florida double-crested cormorant drop out of the community in South Carolina. One tropical species which is distributed all along this coast, however, is the laughing gull; and the gull-billed tern reaches north to Virginia. Rather oddly, two terns, the common tern and Forster’s tern, appear to avoid the mainland coast from Florida to South Carolina, though they breed to the west and north of it.
The distribution of tern populations on this Atlantic coast has had a chequered history, and is dealt with in some detail in the chapter on Sea-Bird Populations (Chapter 3, see here).
In the New England States and Maine we encounter the first truly northern elements in the Atlantic sea-bird fauna, and a community of sea-birds which is intensively watched and studied, as is the very similar community on the eastern side of the Atlantic, ten degrees farther north. We now meet not only some of the terns but some of the gulls that breed in the British Isles. In Maine and New Brunswick, where little cliffs begin and the wooded coast closely resembles the skerry-guard of Stockholm, and other parts of the Baltic archipelago, we find the southernmost auks—black guillemots Cepphus grylle, puffins Fratercula arctica, and perhaps still a pair or two of razorbills Alca torda. We even find tubenoses breeding in Maine, birds which we had last encountered in the Caribbean Antilles. (Apart from Audubon’s shearwater and the rare diablotin (see here), which nest in various of the Antilles, no breeding petrel is found in the western North Atlantic south of Maine, save on Bermuda.)
The rocks and coral reefs of Bermuda, which is 580 miles from Cape Hatteras, the nearest point on the United States mainland, support an interesting little community of sea-birds, which consists of the northernmost outposts of the breeding population of an otherwise completely tropical species, the white-tailed tropic bird Phaëthon lepturus, besides the common tern, the roseate tern, possibly the Manx shearwater Puffinus puffinus, Audubon’s shearwater, and the cahow Pterodroma cahow, thought to be extinct for many years.
It is in the Bay of Fundy, then, on the borders of the U.S. and Canada (Maine and New Brunswick) that the northern birds really begin. Here in burrows in the island rocks nest the southern elements of the rather small Atlantic population of Leach’s petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa. Here, too, are the representatives of the northern race of double-crested cormorant, which are separated by a gap of some hundreds of miles from the geographical race of the same species belonging to Florida and the Carolinas.
Other birds which come on the scene between Cape Cod and the Bay of Fundy are the great black-backed and herring-gulls, Larus marinus and L. argentatus, which are now quickly spreading south down the coast, and the arctic tern Sterna paradisaea,