Numbers: B2+. Dawn Willoughby

many ________are there in the ________above? (segment / pie chart)

      5 Graphics in academic writing are often referred to as ________but sometimes as ________or tables. (chart / figure)

      6 Pie charts are generally used to show the ________of something and line graphs to show ________. (trend / proportion)

       Referring to graphics in writing

      Although graphics generally speak for themselves, it is common to make a brief reference to them in writing to introduce what they show. This can be done with a range of basic phrases, for example:

       As can be seen in Figure 12.1, …

       From Table 2.1, it can be concluded that …

       Language: relative clauses

      Relative clauses can be a useful structure for summarizing or referring to key information in a graphic. For example:

      

The graph shows the number of students from India who were given visas in 2010 was 58,000.

      

The table shows that the number of students who come from the USA is getting bigger.

      In academic writing, relative clauses are often used for defining; in the case of data, they are used to describe or define exactly who or what you are referring to. Note that the relative pronoun (who, whose, which, that) will change depending on what you are defining. For people, use who, that or whose (possessive):

      

The graph shows people who are motivated by goals often have short-term satisfaction.

      

The graph shows that people that set realistic goals often enhance their performance.

      

The chart demonstrates that companies whose managers are not aware of employee motivation are less likely to be successful.

      For most things or ideas, use that or which:

      

The table shows companies that use money as a means to motivate employees.

      

The table shows teams which use a sports psychologist to motivate teams.

       For more information on describing graphics, see Chapters 8 and 9.

       Exercise 15

      Complete the table with words from the box.

      As is shown graph 2.3 in It can be seen from

As can be seen	from 2 ________	Table 3.2, Figure 9.6 3 ________	… that …
It can be seen
1 ________	in
According to
4 ________

       Exercise 16

      Match 1–5 with a–e to form sentences including a relative clause.

1 The charts shows that students are more likely to borrow a book	a whose job is under threat are likely to be demotivated.
2 The table shows employees	b who have both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are more likely to succeed.
3 The chart shows people	c which students find more challenging.
4 The chart shows areas of study	d who receive praise outperform others.
5 The chart shows that workers	e that is recommended by a course tutor.

       Tip

      

Try to record all new vocabulary in a similar way and regularly test yourself on the new words.

       Remember

       You might have to use spreadsheets to analyse your data.

       The main purpose and use of statistics.

       Relative clauses are useful for referring to and labelling graphics in writing.

       The different stages from collection to presentation of data.

       2

Starting Primary Research

       Aims

      

practise formulating research questions

      

understand the principles of sampling

      

learn how to formulate a hypothesis

      Quiz

       Self-evaluation

      Read the statements below. Circle the answers that are true for you.

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1 I know how to start a primary research project.	agree | disagree | not sure
2 I know how to create an effective sample.	agree | disagree | not sure