and increasingly used.
All these islands are largely rock-bound, several with precipitous sides which in many places can be dignified by the term cliff. All however have some point (a geo) or points of access to the vegetation-covered top of the island. This is necessary because, situated where they are, they are subjected to continual Atlantic swell. Thus on none are there any beaches in the normal meaning of the word except on the east or leeward side if the geology permits it. Shillay and St Kilda have such easterly bays and, as Shillay is uninhabited, full use is made of it both as a site for pre-breeding assembly and for a rookery (Pl. 3). On all these islands, the main rookeries are developed well above sea-level where the swell cannot reach, and we find a completely terrestrial set-up as opposed to the almost marine one of Pembrokeshire.
Reservoir sites are known for North Rona on Loba Sgeir, the northern skerries of Fianuis such as Lisgear Mὸire and Lice Mhor and on Gealldruig Mhor to the south-east of the island. Reports of seals on Sula Sgeir and on Sule Skerry point to these being used as fishing haul-outs, but moulting haul-outs have not yet been seen because no one has been there at the right time of year. Elsewhere nothing is known of the reservoir and non-breeding haul-outs, although the Flannen Isles are likely to be so used to the west of Lewis.
This group is a large one comprising probably about 15,000+ seals of all ages. There is little evidence as to whether the numbers are increasing or not. The population based on North Rona appears to be fairly stable, although there seems to be room for the expansion of the existing rookeries. However, the recent establishment of breeding rookeries on St Kilda and Coppay may indicate a small increase.
ORKNEY AND SHETLAND GROUP
Until about ten years ago virtually nothing was known about the seal population in this area. Darling writing in 1947 said that ‘this seal occurs in Orkney and Shetland in relatively small numbers’. We know now that this is very far from the truth and that a population of 8,000 or more are based on these two groups of islands. They have, since 1960, been subjected to a great deal of research. All the main and most of the minor rookeries are known and several moulting sites and other types of haul-out places have been identified. The task has not been made easier because common seals are also present in the area so that records and reports are often not clear as to which species is referred to.
The types of rookeries are rather variable. Perhaps this is because, being an archipelago, the Atlantic swell, already somewhat broken by the north coast of Scotland particularly in Orkney, is not an overwhelming factor. In South Ronaldsay, for example, wide and deep beaches are used as rookeries much as the narrower ones of Pembrokeshire are. The bulls however are stationed on the beaches and not offshore. Elsewhere, such as on the Greenholms, the rookeries, beginning on the rocky foreshore (Pl. 5) stretch inland on the grassland in a very Hebridean manner. Perhaps here more than anywhere else one is driven to concede that the grey seal is extremely adaptable and much of an opportunist.
About half the annual pup production was accounted for in the Muckle and Little Greenholms (1,100–1,500).* Several other islands in this central area of the archipelago, such as Wart Holm, Rusk Holm, Holm of Fara, Fara, Holms of Spurness, Little Linga and Gairsay provide another total of about 1,000. North Ronaldsay probably has only about 100 pups a year, but south of Mainland on South Ronaldsay, Swona and Little Skerry (in the Pentlands) another 250–300 are born. The research work and a local intensification of sealing has recently reduced the population a little and disturbance in one breeding season has been reflected by a change of site or a redistribution of numbers in the next.
Many other skerries, such as Auskerry, Taing Skerry, Wyre Skerry, Eynhallow, Boray Holm, Holm of Birsay, Damsay, the Barrel of Butter and others are used as haul-out sites during the non-breeding period, some of the breeding islands such as Rusk Holm, Holms of Spurness and Little Greenholm are also used in the early months of the year. It is, however, very noticeable that non-breeding haul-outs are never seen on the major breeding rookeries. This differentiation of site use is particularly well shown on Rusk Holm where the two southern skerries are used as reservoir haul-outs during the breeding season, the rookery is on the eastern pebble beach and north-eastern rocks, while the moulting haul-outs are either on the north-western rocks or on the south or south-eastern rocks according to wind and tide.
The numbers in Shetland are much fewer. This must be attributed as much to the rock-bound nature of the coast-line as to the scarcity of small uninhabited islands. In the southern part Lady Holm, Horse Holm and the geos or narrow beaches under Fitful Head provide small rookeries. Only in the north does the lie of the islands provide any lee so that small rookeries are found around Yell and Fetlar. The beaches under Ronas Hill are important breeding sites. In total there are probably only 200–300 pups each year.
In the non-breeding season the major haul-outs in the south and west are on Horse Holm, Lady Holm, around Fitful Head and on the Ve Skerries, west of Papa Stour. Small though these last are they sometimes hold up to 2,000 seals not all of which can be considered as Shetland grey seals in the sense that in the breeding season they will be found on the Shetland rookeries. Fair Isle, halfway between Orkney and Shetland, also has haul-outs and as a number of young seals marked in Orkney have been found in Shetland there is little doubt that the adults move freely between the two groups of islands. The picture here too is somewhat complicated by the presence of common seals and there is no doubt that much more is to be learnt about their distribution here, particularly in the northern islands.
In Orkney and Shetland there has persisted a tradition of sealing which has never been so strong in the Hebrides, possibly by reason of the Norse connections. The grey seal population here, therefore, appears to be fairly stable, fluctuating largely as a result of variations in sealing effort dependent, in turn, on the market price of seal-skins.
NORTH SEA GROUP
There is little difficulty in deciding that the centre of this group is the Farne Islands (Pl. 5). The North Sea is peculiarly free of islands and it may as well be stated straight away that only on the Island of May in the Firth of Forth and on Scroby Sands off Great Yarmouth are there any breeding rookeries other than on the Outer Farnes. Elsewhere there is evidence of their fishing inshore along the east as far south as the Wash, and the coast of Holland, and as far north as the Moray Firth. Fishing haul-outs have been recorded from the Abertay Sands to the Wash, but there is always a haul-out on the outermost islands of the Outer Farnes. At certain times of the year, notably the spring, they consist of very large numbers indeed. The population has been rising steadily in recent years. Annual counts of pup production have been made with considerable accuracy over the past fifteen years or so and an annual increase of about 7% has been calculated. Undoubtedly at the turn of the century the population was at a very low ebb. The islands at present involved as rookeries are the North and South Walmses, Staple and Brownsman, but in the more distant past others were used as rookery sites such as the Wide Opens and other islands of the Inner Farnes. At times of the year, other than the breeding, haul-outs are found on the Longstone and Longstone End, the Harcars and on other skerries of the Outer Farnes. All of these islands are low with at least one or two shelving rock beaches so that access is easy and sheltered within the archipelago. The interiors of the islands are used as well as the ‘beaches’ for rookery sites, but usually only after the more shoreward zones have become congested.
At the time of writing the number of pups produced annually had reached 2,011 (1971) making the Farne Islands group the third largest known in the British Isles with an estimated total population of almost 6,500–7,000.
Before going into the details of the life history of the grey seal, it is necessary to give a brief description of the yearly cycle of both adult males and females. Until recently it was really quite unknown. Even worse, statements appeared in the literature which cannot have been founded on observation because they were so wildly wrong. Until the early 1950’s this species had only been studied during the breeding season. It is not difficult to find the reasons for this. During the late autumn and winter months the weather makes visits to the islands a very chancy