were founded, churches and cathedrals were built, sciences flourished. The Tale of Bygone years testifies-
“Yaroslav liked books and having copied many of them, he placed them in Saint Sophia Church”.
Yaroslav Volodymyrovych’s seal, found in Novgorod
That brief note informs us of Yaroslav the Wise’s legendary library that has been raising historians’ interest. Some scholars devoted a number of years to search for the library but it has never been found. Some people believe that the library perished, when the Mongolian Tatars attacked Kyiv in December, 1240, others think that it was distributed among different book collections after Yaroslav’s death. Quite recently, there appeared a version that it was hidden in the dungeons of Mezhigorsky monastery. Still the information has not been proved.
The period of Yaroslav the Wise’s reign featured the beginning of work on the norms of law in ancient Rus’. The work resulted in compiling the so-called Yaroslav’s Pravda, the earliest part of Rus’ka Pravda. Yaroslav’s ramified international relations were supported by his family members’ marriages to the representatives of the ruling dynasties of the Western European countries. Besides the well-known marriage of Princess Anna to the King of France, Yelizaveta, a daughter of Yaroslav, became Queen of Norway, Anastasiya – Queen of Hungary. Polish Prince, Kazimir, married Yaroslav’s sister, Dobroneha, and so was connected with Kyivan Rus’ by the dynasty marriage.
Yaroslav the Wise died in 1054 and was buried in Sophia cathedral in Kyiv. There is an entry in The Tale of Bygone Years about that-
“Yaroslav, the Prince of Rus’, died. When he was still alive, he gathered his sons together and told them, “Now that I leave this world and you, my sons, live in love for each other since you all are brothers and have the same father and the same mother…”
Monument to Yaroslav the Wise. Kyiv
Anna Yaroslavna (1024 (1025) – after 1075)
Anna, one of three daughters of Yaroslav the Wise, was probably born in 1024 or 1025. Her destiny was rather common for that time – all three daughters of the Prince of Kyiv – Yelizaveta, Anastasiya and Anna became the queens of European monarchies. Yelizaveta married the Norwegian Prince Harald the Ruthless, whereas Anastasiya took the Hungarian throne.
The future Queen of France had quite good education. She was literate, studied history, foreign languages, mathematics and painting. It is known that Anna was fluent in several languages, in particular, in Old Slavic and Greek.
In 1048 the ambassador from the widower Henry I came to Kyiv for the second time (it is known that at first Prince Yaroslav dismissed the request to let his daughter marry Henry). That time the agreement was reached.
Anna Yaroslavna (Anna of Kyiv). A fresco in the Kyiv Sophia Cathedral
The arrival of the fiancée of the King to France was organized pompously. Henry I set off to Reims to meet Anna. There in May 1049, at the Сathedral of Sacred Cross the coronation was held and Anna Yaroslavna became the queen of France. It is interesting that on the marriage document the daughter of Kyivan Prince wrote her name, while Henry І put a cross instead of a signature. In turn, Anna Yaroslavna surprised the king’s guard when she refused from taking the oath on the Latin Bible. She took the oath on the Gospel written in the Old Slavic language. Later that book got the name of the Reims Gospel and all the following kings of France took the oath on it, without suspecting the Kyivan origin of the book.
The years of Anna’s rule coincided with the economic and cultural booming period in France, but even in those conditions French researchers cite the lines from her letter to father, “What a Barbarian country did you send me to, father? Here houses are dull, churches are ugly and traditions are horrible…” From this letter it is possible to understand that for a well-educated Ukrainian, who had grown up in the conditions of the Slavic culture, it was hard to adapt to the conditions of the French elite of the time. However, the fact that Anna was the only woman in Europe, who corresponded with the Pope, also confirmed her high level of education.
P. Clodt. The Departure of Princess Anna Yaroslavna to France to marry King Henry I
In 1053 Anna gave birth to Philip. Over the following two years Anna also had Robert and Hugh – all legal heirs of King Henry. In addition, at that time the king and queen also had a daughter named Emma.
The marriage between Anna and Henry did not last long – the king died in 1060. According to the will, Anna Yaroslavna was appointed the regent to Philip, the heir to the throne. However, remaining the queen, she was not granted the official title of a regent: the regent could only be a man. Nevertheless, Anna, together with Philip I, signed state documents, which have been preserved up to nowadays. For instance, on the grant charter of the Soissons abbey there is her handwritten signature in Cyrillic Anna the Queen.
Jacob de Bi. Queen Anna of Kyiv, circa 1640
The final mentioning of Anna Yaroslavna was dated in documents by 1075. Her further destiny is still unclear. According to some sources, she came back to Kyiv, where she lived her later years. According to some other reports, she died in France and was buried at the church of the Villiers Abbey near the city of Etampes.
Nestor the Chronicler (? – 1013 (1014))
It happened so that little is known about the life of Nestor Chornoryasnik (Black Cassock), or the Chronicler. The man who devoted all his life to writing books and to taking down some other people’s biographies, mentioned very little about himself. However, some pieces of information about the author of imperishable The Tale of Bygone Years have reached us through the scores of centuries.
It is known that Nestor took monastic vows in 1074 or 1075. It is believed that it happened after the death of Theodosius, hegumen of the Kyiv Pechersk Monastery. In 1081, Stefan, the successor of Theodosius, gave the deacon’s rank to Nestor. In 1091, Nestor and two other monks were among the group that found the relics of St. Theodosius in the caves.
All Nestor’s later life was devoted to books. As he reminisced in his books-
“Studying books can bring a lot of use. Books punish us and teach the way to repentance, because we get wiser and more reserved after the words of the books… He who reads books communicates with God or saint men”.
V. Vasnetsov. Nestor the Chronicler. Kyiv Volodymyr Cathedral
The most prominent among Nestor the Chronicler’s books is famous The Tale of Bygone Years. We should note that the author compiled the book based on the events of the time as well as earlier chronicles, tales and folklore. It is known that wanting to write about the events in the most credible way, in 1077 Nestor went to Volyn. There, he looked for the original sources in Zymnensk and Sviatohirsk monasteries. As a result, Volyn Chronicle was nearly totally included into The Tale of Bygone Years. The Lives of Borys and Hlib is considered the first work of Nestor Chornoryasnyk. The book was released, most probably, in 1072, before Nestor himself took monastic vows and short time after the first saints of Rus’ were canonized. The second book, as Nestor recollected, was The Life of Theodosius. It is interesting to know that till nowadays some scholars have some doubts as to Nestor’s authorship. The argument of the version is that Nestor’s name is absent in all copies of The Tale but in the well-known Khlebnikovsky Copy. However, still in the XIII century chroniclers unanimously agreed that the author of The Tale was Nestor. A prominent work in the Ukrainian book making, Kyiv-Pechersk Lives of the Fathers, hints at that. On its pages, there is some information that Nestor was a great authority at the monastery and among the scholars and clergy of Kyiv.
The Tale of Bygone Years in the Radziwiłł Chronicle
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