An Introduction to Molecular Biotechnology. Группа авторов

with thick lignified secondary walls Ground meristem Primary meristem (growth of ground tissue) Vascular tissue Phloem Transport of synthesized nutrients (sucrose, amino acids) to roots, stems, and fruits Sieve tube element Living cell without nucleus and ribosomes, sieve plates between neighboring sieve cells Companion cell Exchange of substances with sieve tube elements Xylem Transport of water and inorganic ions Tracheids Long tubular system consisting of dead cells (sclerenchyma) Vessel elements Lignified secondary walls with pits, surrounded by living xylem parenchyma Procambium Primary meristem (growth of vascular tissue) B. Animal cells The human body contains more than 200 cell types and 4 types of tissues (epithelia, connective tissue, nerves, and muscles) Embryonic stem cell Omnipotent cell that can differentiate into all other cell types Epithelia Intestinal cells Prismatic epithelial cells, secretion of digestive juices, and absorption of nutrients Ciliated epithelium Prismatic epithelial cells, secretion and absorption, transport of mucus (bronchial epithelium) Glandular cells Cubic epithelial cells in glands and kidney tubules, main function secretion Endothelial cells Simple squamous epithelium inside blood vessels Connective tissue Fibroblast Production of proteins for the extracellular network, including collagen and elastin and many other proteins Osteoblast Bone‐producing cell Chondrocyte Cartilage production, secretion of collagen and chondroitin sulfate Adipocyte Production and storage of fat in fat tissue Mast cells Storage and release of histamine Blood Hematopoietic stem cell Precursor cell of all other blood cells Erythrocyte Oxygen and CO₂ transport through hemoglobin Platelet Blood coagulation Lymphocyte Specificity and diversity of immune response T cells T helper cells (T_h) recognize antigens and activate B cells Cytotoxic T cells T_c cells recognize antigens and attack infected cells B cells Form antibody‐secreting plasma cells Monocytes Migrate to infection foci and mature into macrophages, devouring bacteria and debris Granulocytes (leucocytes) Neutrophilic granulocytes Phagocytize bacteria Eosinophilic granulocytes Destroy parasites, important in allergies Basophilic granulocytes Release histamines in some immune reactions Natural killer cells Destroy infected body cells and tumor cells Nerve tissue Neuron Reception, storage, and transport of information Glial cell Supporting the structure and metabolism of neurons Schwann cell Forming a myelin sheath around the axons of the peripheral nervous system Oligodendrocyte Forming a myelin sheath around the axons of the central nervous system (CNS) Astrocyte Large glial cells that give structural and metabolic support to neurons are crucial for the blood–brain barrier Sensory cells Mechanoreceptor cells Cells containing mechanoreceptors that are sensitive to pressure, touch, stretching, movement, and sound Hair cells Cells (in the ear of vertebrates, in the side lines of fish) with mechanoreceptors that pick up movement in relation to their surroundings and sounds Pain receptor cells Cells containing nociceptors; free nerve endings (dendrites), e.g. in the epidermis. Nociceptors react to heat, pressure, and irritants and are sensitized by prostaglandins Temperature receptor cells Cells containing thermoreceptors that gauge the temperature Taste receptor cells Cells containing chemical and taste receptors. They can distinguish the categories sweet, sour, salty, and bitter Smell receptor cells Cells containing smell receptors Light receptor cells In the retina of vertebrae, cones and rods serve as photoreceptors Muscles Striated muscle cell Rapid and forceful contractions (skeletal muscle), controlled via the somatic nervous system Smooth muscle cell Slow and