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Electron Transfer
Mechanisms and Applications
Shunichi Fukuzumi
Copyright
Author
Shunichi Fukuzumi
Department of Material & Life Science
Osaka University
2‐1 Yamada‐oka, Suita
Osaka University
565‐0871 Osaka
Japan
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© 2020 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany
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Print ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐32666‐2
ePDF ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐65180‐1
ePub ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐65179‐5
oBook ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐65177‐1
Acknowledgments
The author gratefully acknowledges the contributions of his collaborators mentioned in the references. The author thanks Japan Science Technology Agency and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan for the continuous support.
1 Introduction
The rapid consumption of fossil fuel has already caused unacceptable environmental problems such as the greenhouse effect by CO2 emission, which is predicted to lead to disastrous climatic consequences [1]. Moreover, the consumption rate of fossil fuels is expected to increase further at least twofold relative to the present by midcentury because of population and economic growth, particularly in the developing countries. It is becoming more and more obvious that fossil fuels will run out eventually in the next century despite the recent shale gas revolution. Thus, renewable and clean energy resources are urgently required in order to solve global energy and environmental issues [2,3]. Among renewable energy resources, solar energy is by far the largest exploitable resource [1–3]. Nature harnesses solar energy for its production by photosynthesis, and fossil fuels are the product of photosynthesis [4]. Fossil fuels range from volatile materials with low carbon:hydrogen