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2.3 Achyranthes Species
2.3.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry
Achyranthes aspera L. and Achyranthes bidentata Blume (Family – Amaranthaceae) are used for treatment of amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, lumbago, gonalgia, paraplegia, edema, stranguria, headache, dizziness, odontalgia, oral ulcer, hematemesis, epistaxis, gynecological disorder, asthma, ophthalmia, odontalgia, and hemorrhoids (He et al. 2017). The A. aspera aerial parts and seeds were recommended for cure of dropsy, piles, and skin eruptions (Pal and Jain 1989) and whooping cough (Singh and Pandey 1980), as an anti-asthmatic (Singh and Pandey 1980). This is considered as diuretic, astringent, laxative, and purgative (Bhatnagar et al. 1973; Raj and Patel 1978; Khanna et al. 1994) and as an antidote to snake bite (Elvanayagum et al. 1995). This is applied on fractured bones (Singh and Ali 1989; Girach et al. 1992; Anis and Iqbal 1994) and used for treatment of respiratory troubles (Husain and Siddiqui 1987), asthma (Reddy et al. 1988), and leucoderma (Pal and Jain 1989), and inflorescence for cough (Sebastnia and Bhandari 1984). The leaves of this plant species are used in healing of wounds, injuries (Neogi et al. 1969), intermittent fever, dog bite, and typhoid (Sebastnia and Bhandari 1984). The roots are used for whooping cough, tonsillitis (Singh and Ali 1989), hemorrhage (Pal and Jain 1989), cough and hydrophobia, as an anti-asthmatic (Singh and Ali 1989), diuretic, diaphoretic, and antisyphilitic (Gupta et al. 2010).
27-Cyclohexylheptacosan-7-ol, 16-hydroxy-26-methylheptacosan-2-one, and 17-pentatriacontanol (Misra et al. 1992, 1993), β-sitosterol, α-spinasterol (Ali et al. 2004), 3-acetoxy-6-benzoyloxyapangamide (Aziz et al. 2005), betulinic acid and oleanolic acid, ursolic acid (Pai et al. 2014a,b), stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-β-ol, trans-13-docosenoic acid, n-hexacosanol undecanoate, n-hexacos-17-enoic acid and n-hexacos-11-enoic acid and a new aliphatic acid, n-hexacos-14-enoic acid (Sharma et al. 2009), dihydroxyketone (characterized as 36,47-dihydroxyhenpentacontan-4-one and tritriacontanol), 4-methylheptatriacont-1-en-10-ol and tetracontanol-2 (Misra et al. 1991, 1996), hexatriacontane, 10-octacosanone, 10-triacosanone and 4-triacontanone (Ali, 1993), betaine, betalain and achyranthine (Basu et al. 1957a,b; Basu 1957; Kapoor and Singh 1966; Bhom 1992), flavonoids and alkaloids (Sinha and Dogra 1985), oleanolic acid (Khastgir and Sengupta 1958; Gariballa et al. 1983), oleanolic acid-based saponins (Seshadri et al. 1981; Batta and Rangaswami 1973), saponin A and saponin B characterized as α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-(1→3)-oleanolic acid and (1→28)-β-D-galactopyranosyl ester of saponin A (Hariharan and Rangaswami 1970), β-D-glucopyranosyl ester of α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-(1→3)-oleanolic acid and β-D-glucopyranosyl ester of α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4) β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-(1→3)-oleanolic acid, saponins (Gopalachari and Dhar 1952, 1958), sapogenin, alkaloids and saponins (Khastgir et al. 1958; Kapoor and Singh 1967; Somagari et al. 2014), β-D-glucopyranosyl 3β-[O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-β-D-glucopyranuronosyloxy] machaerinate and β-D-glucopyranosyl 3β-[O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-α-D-glucopyranuronosyloxy] machaerinate (Michl et al. 2000), ecdysterone (Ikan et al. 1971; Banerji et al. 1971; Banerji and Chadha 1970; Maurya 2017), cardiac glycosides (Arunkumar et al. 2010), bisdesmosidic saponins, 20-hydroxyecdysone, and quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactoside were isolated and identified from different organs like leaves, shoots, roots, fruits, and seeds of A. aspera (Kunert et al. 2000; Tatke and Gabhe 1999; Kumar and Mishra 2017). The fatty acids, oleonic acid, bisdesmosidic and triterpenoid-based saponins, ecdysterone, n-hexacos-14-enoic, oleanolic acid, triacontanol, spinasterol, dihydroxy ketones, spathulenol, alkaloids, D-glucuronic acid, betaine, achyranthine (Srivastava 2014), oleanolic acid-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, chikusetsusaponin V, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl oleanolic acid-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, bidentatoside I, polysaccharide ABW90-1, ABPB-3, ABP70-2, and achyranthosides A and B were isolated from the roots of A. bidentata (Marouf et al. 2001; Mitaine-Offer et al. 2001; Wang et al. 2015; Tan et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2018). Similarly, 3-O-[2′-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3′-O-(2″-hydroxy-1″-carboxyethoxycarboxypropyl)]-β-D-glucuropyranosyl oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (achyranthoside I) and oleanolic acid 3-O-[3′-O-(2″-hydroxy-1″-carboxyethoxycarboxypropyl)] β-D-glucuropyranoside (achyranthoside II) were identified from A. bidentata (Guangshu et al. 2004). The chikusetsusaponins IVa and V, achyranthosides B, C, D, E, and G, sulfachyranthosides B and D, and betavulgarosides II and IV were identified by LC–MS determination from Achyranthes root (Kawahara et al. 2016). The structures of isolated compounds from A. bidentata was established by spectral data