Power Electronics-Enabled Autonomous Power Systems. Qing-Chang Zhong

terms of basic forces of Yin‐Yang and the Five Elements of metal, wood, water, fire, and earth. Later, this was adopted by Taoism, Confucianism, and the Chinese medical framework.

      It is fair to say that China was highly democratized during the Spring–Autumn and Warring States period, for over 500 years. People could move freely from one state to another and enjoyed freedom of speech. The most powerful states often held regular conferences to decide important matters. The thoughts and ideas refined during this era then became the cultural foundation of China and other East Asian countries.

      However, it was also an era filled with chaos and bloody battles. During the Spring–Autumn period, there were nearly 500 battles, i.e. two battles a year on average. The Art of War, an ancient Chinese military treatise of strategy and tactics, was written by Sun Tze around 515–512 BCE, during the Spring–Autumn period. During the Warring States period, as the name of the period indicates, there were also many major battles among the states.

      In 221 BCE, Emperor Qin (Chin) united China and harmonized Chinese characters, currency, trade (weights and measures), and communication (transportation). This laid a structurally stable foundation for China for many years to come, demonstrating the power of harmonization and unification. Harmony has then become the most important principle of Chinese culture, cultivating peace, stability, prosperity, and sustainability.

      What future power systems need is a structurally stable foundation to enable natural growth and operation. This is exactly what the SYNDEM theoretical framework offers.

2.9 Summary

      Based on (Zhong 2013b, 2017e,f), this chapter presents the SYNDEM theoretical framework for the next‐generation smart grids – power electronics‐enabled autonomous power systems, including its concepts, rules of law, legal equality, architecture, benefits, technical routes, and roots. It is highlighted that the synchronization mechanism of synchronous machines can continue underpinning the next‐generation smart grids and that power electronic converters can be equipped with this mechanism. As a result, all players can actively take part in the grid regulation in a synchronized and democratized manner, achieving Cyberattack‐free, Autonomous, Renewable Electric (CARE) power systems. The SYNDEM grid framework is able to correct the systemic flaws of cyber security and cascading failures in the current power systems.

      Notes

      1 1 www.syndem.com

      2 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nk6F2jQJdDg