10.7 Formation of Water 10.8 Interstellar Grains 10.9 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 10.10 Even More Carbon Diversity 10.11 Comets and Organic Molecules 10.12 The Origin of Chirality 10.13 Laboratory Experiments 10.14 Observing Organic Molecules 10.15 Conclusions Bibliography
14 11 Early Earth: The First Billion Years 11.1 The First Billion Years of Earth 11.2 Earth Forms and Differentiates 11.3 The Formation of the Moon 11.4 The Early Oceans 11.5 The Early Crust 11.6 The Early Atmosphere 11.7 The Temperature of Early Earth 11.8 The Late Heavy Bombardment 11.9 Implications of the Early Environment for Life 11.10 Conclusions Bibliography
15 12 The Origin of Life 12.1 The Origin of Life 12.2 The Synthesis of Organic Compounds on Earth 12.3 Delivery from the Extraterrestrial Environment 12.4 The RNA World 12.5 Early Cells 12.6 Where Did the Origin of Life Occur? 12.7 A Cold Origin of Life? 12.8 The Whole Earth as a Reactor? 12.9 Conclusions Bibliography
16 13 Early Life on Earth 13.1 Early Life on Earth 13.2 Early Life – Metabolisms and Possibilities 13.3 Isotopic Fractionation 13.4 Measuring the Isotope Fractionation: The Delta Notation 13.5 Sulfur Isotope Fractionation 13.6 Using Isotopes to Look for Ancient Life 13.7 Morphological Evidence for Life 13.8 Biomarkers 13.9 Contamination Is a Problem 13.10 Instruments Used to Look for Life 13.11 A Brief Summary 13.12 The Search for Extraterrestrial Life 13.13 Conclusions Bibliography
17 14 The Geology of a Habitable World 14.1 The Geological History of Earth: A Habitable World 14.2 Minerals and Glasses 14.3 Types of Rocks 14.4 The Rock Cycle 14.5 The Composition of Earth 14.6 Plate Tectonics 14.7 Dating the Age of the Earth (and Other Planetary Bodies) 14.8 Age-Dating Rocks 14.9 Geological Timescales 14.10 The Major Classifications of Geological Time 14.11 Some Geological Times and Biological Changes 14.12 Conclusions Bibliography
18 15 The Co-evolution of Life and a Planet: The Rise of Oxygen 15.1 Dramatic Changes on Earth 15.2 Measuring Oxygen Through Time 15.3 It Was Not a Simple Rise 15.4 Summarizing the Evidence for the GOE 15.5 The Source of Oxygen 15.6 Sinks for Oxygen 15.7 Why Did Atmospheric Oxygen Concentrations Rise? 15.8 Snowball Earth Episodes 15.9 Other Biological Consequences of the Rise of Oxygen 15.10 Oxygen and the Rise of Animals 15.11 Oxygen and the Rise of Intelligence