The False Promise of Liberal Order. Patrick Porter

Leadership (New York: Public Affairs, 2019); Richard N. Haass, ‘Liberal World Order: R.I.P.’, Project Syndicate, 21 March 2018; Robin Niblett, ‘Liberalism in Retreat: The Demise of a Dream’, Foreign Affairs 96:1 (2017), pp. 17–24; Kori Schake, America vs The West: Can the Liberal World Order Be Preserved (Penguin: Lowy Institute Paper, 2019); Eliot A. Cohen, The Big Stick: The Limits of Soft Power and the Necessity of Military Force (New York: Basic Books, 2016); Paul D. Miller, American Power and Liberal Order: A Conservative Internationalist Grand Strategy (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2016); Hal Brands, American Grand Strategy in the Age of Trump (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2017); ‘America’s Global Order Is Worth Fighting For; The Longest Period of Great-Power Peace in Modern History Is Not a “Myth”’, Bloomberg, 14 August, 2018; David H. Petraeus, ‘America Must Stand Tall’, Politico, 7 February 2017; Joseph S. Nye Jr, ‘The Rise and Fall of American Hegemony from Wilson to Trump’, International Affairs 95:1 (2019), pp. 63–80; Robert Kagan, ‘The Twilight of the Liberal World Order’, in Michael O’Hanlon, ed., Big Ideas for America (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2017), pp. 267–75; Edward Luce, ‘The New World Disorder’, Financial Times, 24 June 2017; Bonnie S. Glaser and Gregory Poling, ‘Vanishing Borders in the South China Sea’, Foreign Affairs 97:3 (2018); Daniel Drezner, ‘Who Is to Blame for the State of the Rules-Based International Order?’ Washington Post, 5 June 2018; Gideon Rose, ‘What Obama Gets Right: Keep Calm and Carry the Liberal Order On’, Foreign Affairs 94:5 (2015), pp. 2–12; Marc Champion, ‘International (Dis)Order’, Bloomberg, 26 September 2018; Hans W. Maull, ‘The Once and Future Liberal Order’, Survival 61:2 (2019), pp. 7–32; Michael Fullilove, ‘The Fading of an Aging World Order’, Financial Times, 23 October 2015. A more agnostic account is Rebecca Lissner and Mira Rapp-Hooper, ‘The Liberal Order is More Than a Myth: But It Must Adapt to the New Balance of Power’, Foreign Affairs 97:4 (2018).

      33 33. G. John Ikenberry, ‘The End of Liberal Order?’ International Affairs 94:1 (2018), pp. 7–23: p. 9.

      34 34. Robert Jervis, ‘International Primacy: Is the Game Worth the Candle?’ International Security 17:4 (1993), pp. 52–67: pp. 52–3.

      35 35. Charles L. Glaser, ‘A Flawed Framework: Why the Liberal International Order Framework is Misguided’, International Security 43:4 (2019), pp. 51–87; John Mearsheimer, ‘Bound to Fail: The Rise and Fall of the Liberal World Order’, International Security 43:4 (2019), pp. 7–50; Adam Tooze, ‘Everything You Know About Global Order Is Wrong’, Foreign Policy, 30 January, 2019; George Friedman, ‘The Myth of the Liberal International Order; It’s Dangerous to Pine for a Time That Never Really Was’, Geopolitical Futures, 19 September 2018; Paul Staniland, ‘Misreading the “Liberal Order”: Why We Need New Thinking in American Foreign Policy’, Lawfare, 29 July 2018; Graham Allison, ‘The Truth About the Liberal Order: Why It Didn’t Make the Modern World’, Foreign Affairs 97:4 (2018), pp. 124–133; Amitav Acharya, The End of American World Order (Cambridge: Polity, 2014); Stephen M. Walt, ‘Why I Didn’t Sign Up to Defend the International Order’, Foreign Policy, 1 August 2018; Jeanne Morefield, ‘Trump’s Foreign Policy Isn’t the Problem’, Boston Review, 8 January 2019; Stephen Wertheim, ‘Paeans to the Postwar Order Won’t Save Us’, War on the Rocks, 6 August 2018; John Mueller, ‘An American Global Order? Has the US Been Necessary?’, ISSS–IS Annual Conference, November 2018; Christopher Fettweis, ‘Unipolarity, Hegemony and the New Peace’, Security Studies 26:3 (2017), pp. 423–451; Patrick Porter, A World Imagined: Nostalgia and Liberal Order, CATO Policy Analysis Number 843 (Washington, DC: CATO Institute, June, 2018); Naazneen Barma, Ely Ratner and Steven Weber, ‘The Mythical Liberal Order’, The National Interest 124 (2013), pp. 56–67; Andrew Bacevich, ‘The Global Order Myth’, The American Conservative, 15 June 2017; Brahma Chellany, ‘Mirage of a Rules-Based Order’, Japan Times, 25 July 2016; Michael Brendan Dougherty, ‘The Endless Hysteria about the Liberal World Order’, National Review, 27 March 2018; Adrian Pabst, Liberal World Order and Its Critics (London: Routledge, 2018).

      36 36. Naazneen Barma, Ely Ratner and Steven Weber, ‘The Mythical Liberal Order’, The National Interest 124 (2013), pp. 56–67.

      37 37. John Glaser, ‘The Amnesia of the US Foreign Policy Establishment’, Free Republic, 15 March 2019; David C. Hendrikson, Republic in Peril: American Empire and the Liberal Tradition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), p. 168.

      38 38. Francis Fukuyama, ‘America: The Failed State’, Prospect, January 2017.

      39 39. Jake Sullivan, ‘More, Less or Different’, Foreign Affairs 98:1 (2018), pp. 168–175: p. 173; G. John Ikenberry and Daniel Deudney, ‘Liberal World’, Foreign Affairs 97:1 (2018), pp. 16–24: p. 17.

      40 40. George Packer, Our Man: Richard Holbrooke and the End of the American Century (New York: Knopf, 2019), p. 5.

      41 41. Michael Sherer, ‘Democrats Distance Themselves from Hillary Clinton’s “Backward” Claim’, Washington Post, 13 March 2018.

      42 42. Hillary Rodham Clinton, ‘Security and Opportunity for the Twenty-First Century’, Foreign Affairs 86:6 (2007), pp. 1–18: p. 3.

      43 43. Marc Trachtenberg, ‘Preventive War and US Foreign Policy’, Security Studies 16:1 (2007), pp. 1–31; William Burr and Jeffrey T. Richelson, ‘Whether to Strangle the Baby in the Cradle’, International Security 25:3 (2000–1), pp. 54–99.

      44 44. Max Boot, ‘Nostalgia Isn’t a Foreign Policy’, Commentary, 11 November 2015; ‘The Case for American Empire’, Weekly Standard, 15 October 2001; ‘Why Winning and Losing are Irrelevant in Syria and Afghanistan’, Washington Post, 30 January 2019; The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power (New York: Basic Books, 2002).

      45 45. Blighty, ‘The Vote of Shame’, The Economist, 30 August 2013.

      46 46. Damon Linker, ‘Elliot Abrams and the Absurd Paradoxes of American Foreign Policy’, The Week, 15 February 2019.

      47 47. Emile Simpson, ‘There’s Nothing Wrong with the Liberal Order That Can’t Be Fixed by What’s Right With It’, Foreign Policy, 7 August 2018.

      48 48. G. John Ikenberry and Daniel H. Nexon, ‘Hegemonic Studies 3.0: The Dynamics of Hegemonic Orders’, Security Studies 28:3 (2019), pp. 1–27.

      49 49. Walter A. McDougal, Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1997).

      50 50. Daniel H. Nexon and Thomas Wright, ‘What’s at Stake in the American Empire Debate?’ American Political Science Review 101:2 (May 2007), pp. 253–272: p. 266.

      51 51. G. John Ikenberry, Liberal Leviathan (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011), p. 270.

      52 52. G. John Ikenberry, Thomas J. Knock, Anne-Marie Slaughter and Tony Smith, The Crisis of American Foreign Policy: Wilsonianism in the Twenty-first Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009), p. 10.

      53 53. Perry Anderson, American Foreign Policy and Its Thinkers (London: Verso, 2013); Inderjeet Parmar, ‘The US-led Liberal Order: Imperialism By Another Name?’, International Affairs, 94:1 (2018), pp. 151–172.

      54 54. Jeanne Morefield, Empires without Imperialism: Anglo-American Decline and the Politics of Deflection (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014).