href="#ulink_f940d831-164f-545a-be20-111f153d8ff4">Appendix 13.1 The Detector Readout
17 14 Microprocessors and Modern Electronics 14.1 The Computer 14.2 Microcontrollers 14.3 Liquid Crystal Displays 14.4 Summary and Conclusions Appendix 14.1 Keyboard Codes
18 15 The Future 15.1 The Past 15.2 Problems with Silicon‐based Technology 15.3 New Technologies 15.4 Silicon Technology Innovations 15.5 Summary and Conclusions
19 Epilogue
20 Appendix A: Useful Constants A.1 Fundamental Physical Constants A.2 Basic Units A.3 Derived Units
21 Appendix B: Properties of Silicon
22 Appendix C: List of Acronyms
23 Additional Reading and Sources
24 Index
List of Tables
1 Chapter 3Table 3.1 The impurities allowed in an electronic grade silicon (parts per bi...
2 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Frequency, wavelength, and energy of photons in the four infrared r...
3 Chapter 13Table 13.1 LED semiconductor materials used to obtain different colors
4 Chapter 14Table 14.1 The ASCI code.
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 A sinusoidal wave is described in several ways: frequency, wavele...Figure 1.2 William Wollaston (left) looked at the sun's light through a pris...Figure 1.3 The sun’s spectrum through a prism shows dark lines: wavelengths ...Figure 1.4 The spectrum from any gas shows similar but different missing lin...Figure 1.5 Dmitri Mendeleev and the periodic table with the elements known i...Figure 1.6 The spectrum of the hydrogen atom on the left shows the absorptio...Figure 1.7 Johann Balmer (left) found a mathematical relation for hydrogen's...Figure 1.8 Around 1905, Albert Einstein came up with the concept that light ...Figure 1.9 Joseph John Thomson and his cathode ray tube.Figure 1.10 Ernest Rutherford, with his experiment that bombarded alpha part...Figure 1.11 Robert Millikan, with his oil‐drop experiment, measured the elec...Figure 1.12 Niels Bohr (left) postulated the planetary model of the atom. Wo...Figure 1.13 The Bohr planetary model of an atom has discrete and stable orbi...Figure 1.14 The observed energy lines of the hydrogen atom corresponding to ...Figure 1.15 The scientific and experimental work that led to the Bohr planet...Figure 1.16 Subshell electron capacity. Notice that the number of sites in e...Figure 1.17 Portion of the periodic table emphasizing elements used in semic...
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Energy levels in a Bohr atom (left) corresponding to the Bohr ene...Figure 2.2 When two hydrogen atoms are so close that they form a single syst...Figure 2.3 From energy levels in a gas where the electrons in the atoms are ...Figure 2.4 Atomic levels split into bands as the interatomic distance betwee...Figure 2.5 In an insulator, the valence band is full of electrons, the condu...Figure 2.6 If the valence band is not full of electrons, there is a lot of s...Figure 2.7 Even if the valence band is full, if the conduction band encroach...Figure 2.8 The valence band in a semiconductor is completely full, the condu...Figure 2.9 Electron and hole concentrations in Si and GaAs change drasticall...Figure 2.10 Electrons in the conduction band are free to move, while those i...Figure 2.11 There is a large difference in energy gaps in semiconductors, fr...Figure 2.12 Enrico Fermi (left) and Paul Dirac (right), who developed the st...Figure 2.13 The probability that electrons are free as a function of the dif...Figure 2.14 The F‐D function at room temperature.Figure 2.15 The F‐D functions on the side of the energy bands of insulators ...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Diamond crystal structure of silicon and germanium. The black bal...Figure 3.2 Clemens Winkler, who discovered the element germanium.Figure 3.3 John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain at Bell labs ...