8.6 R factors, or plasmids containing many resistance genes, may have b...Figure 8.7 Some examples of noncomposite transposons. The positions of the tra...Figure 8.8 Example of a mating-out assay for transposition. See the text for d...Figure 8.9 The DDE transpose has been adapted in multiple ways for different f...Figure 8.10 Replicative transposition of Tn3 (orange) and formation and resolu...Figure 8.11 Model for single-strand DNA transposition with IS608. IS608 moves ...Figure 8.12 Regulation of Tn5 transposition. Two similar IS50 elements flank t...Figure 8.13 Transposition after DNA replication facilitates DNA repair. (A and...Figure 8.14 Transposon Tn7 uses an element-encoded heteromeric transposase and...Figure 8.15 Random transposon Tn5 mutagenesis. Random transposon mutagenesis o...Figure 8.16 Cloning genes mutated by insertion of a transposon. A transposon u...Figure 8.17 Assembly of integrons. The primary transposon carries an integron ...Figure 8.18 Example of a superintegron from Vibrio cholerae. More than 100 cas...Figure 8.19 Regulation of Salmonella phase variation and some other members of...Figure 8.20 Domain structure of tyrosine recombinases (Cre, XerCD, etc.; λ Int...Figure 8.21 Model for the reaction promoted by the Cre tyrosine (Y) recombinas...Figure 8.22 Structures of some sites recognized by tyrosine (Y) recombinases. ...Figure 8.23 Domain structure of serine (S) recombinases. The conserved catalyt...Figure 8.24 Model for the reaction promoted by the γδ recombinase. (A) Four re...Figure 8.25 How successive attacks by nucleophilic hydroxyl groups of serine (...Figure 8.26 Excision of a group II mobile intron from an mRNA. (A) After trans...Figure 8.27 Integration of a group II mobile intron into double-stranded DNA b...
10 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Replication forks initiated at oriC can collapse when there are nic...Figure 9.2 Model for promotion of recombination Initiation at a χ site by the ...Figure 9.3 Model for how χ sites can help RecBCD load RecA to direct DNA repli...Figure 9.4 Models for recombination Initiation by the RecF pathway on substrat...Figure 9.5 Model for how DNA substrates with various types of DNA breaks are p...Figure 9.6 Model for synapse formation and strand exchange between two homolog...Figure 9.7 Holliday junctions can form through the action of RecA. The movemen...Figure 9.8 Model for the mechanism of action of the Ruv proteins. (1) One or t...Figure 9.9 A synthetic Holliday junction with four complementary strands. The ...Figure 9.10 Model for how linear fragments are recombined Into the chromosome ...Figure 9.11 Recombineering: in vivo DNA modification in E. coli using λ phage-...Figure 9.12 Migration of Holliday junctions. By breaking the hydrogen bonds ho...Figure 9.13 Repair of a mismatch in a heteroduplex region formed during recomb...Figure 9.14 Repair of mismatches can give rise to recombinant types between tw...
11 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Survival of cells as a function of the time or extent of treatment...Figure 10.2 (A) Modified bases created by deaminating agents, such as nitrous ...Figure 10.3 Repair of altered bases by DNA glycosylases. (A) The specific DNA ...Figure 10.4 (A) Structure of 8-oxoG. (B) Mechanisms for avoiding mutagenesis d...Figure 10.5 Alkylation of guanine to produce O6-methyiguanine. The altered bas...Figure 10.6 (A) The adaptive response. (B) Regulation of the adaptive response...Figure 10.7 Two common types of pyrimidine dimers caused by UV irradiation. In...Figure 10.8 Photoreactivation. The photoreactivating enzyme (photolyase) binds...Figure 10.9 Base analogs 2-amlnopurlne (2-AP) and 5-bromouracll (5-BU). The am...Figure 10.10 Mutagenesis by incorporation of the adenine analog 2-AP into DNA....Figure 10.11 Mutagenesis by a frameshift mutagen. Intercalation of a planar ac...Figure 10.12 The methyl-directed mismatch repair system. The newly replicated ...Figure 10.13 MutSLH DNA repair in E. coli. (A) One arm of a replication fork i...Figure 10.14 Colonies due to mut mutants have more papillae. A lacZ mutant was...Figure 10.15 Model for nucleotide excision repair by the UvrABC endonuclease. ...Figure 10.16 Model for transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair. Mfd-d...Figure 10.17 Model for recombination-mediated bypass of DNA damage in the DNA ...Figure 10.18 Fork regression model for recombination-mediated replicative bypa...Figure 10.19 Models for how regressed replication forks can be repaired by mul...Figure 10.20 Repair of a DNA interstrand cross-link through the combined actio...Figure 10.21 Regulation of the SOS response regulon in Escherichia coli. About...Figure 10.22 Detection of a mutant defective in mutagenic repair. Colonies of ...Figure 10.23 Regulation of SOS mutagenesis in E. coli. (A) Before DNA damage o...
12 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Complementation of lac mutations. One mutation (m1) is in the chro...Figure 11.2 The pjac mutations cannot be complemented and are cis acting. A pl...Figure 11.3 Complementation with two types of constitutive mutations. (A) The Figure 11.4 The Jacob and Monod model for negative regulation of the lac opero...Figure 11.5 Locations of the three operators in the lac operon (A) and a model...Figure 11.6 (A) DNA sequence of the promoter and operator regions of the lac o...Figure 11.7 Three-dimensional structure of the LacI protein, showing regions d...Figure 11.8 Structure of the galactose operon of E. coli. The galE, galT, and Figure 11.9 Pathway for galactose utilization In E. coli.Figure 11.10 Formation of the gal operon repressosome. (A) Structure of the ga...Figure 11.11 Structure of the tryptophan biosynthetic (trp) operon of E. coli.Figure 11.12 Negative regulation of the trp operon by the TrpR repressor. Bind...Figure 11.13 Structure of the TrpR repressor and an illustration of how trypto...Figure 11.14 (A) Structure and function of the L-arabinose operon of E. coli. Figure 1 Figures 1–4 adapted from Dove SL, Hochschild A, in Higgins NP (ed), T...Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 11.15 Recessiveness of araC mutations. The presence of a wild-type copy...Figure 11.16 A model to explain how AraC can be a positive activator of the ar...Figure 11.17 Face-of-the-helix dependence. (A) Molecules of AraC in the PI sta...Figure 11.18 Regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis and degradation pathways. (...Figure 11.19 Transcription attenuation. (A) The presence of a transcription te...Figure 11.20 Structure of the leader region of the trp operon. (A) Key feature...Figure 11.21 Details of regulation by transcription attenuation In the trp ope...Figure 11.22 TRAP regulation of the trp operon in Bacillus subtilis. (A) Model...Figure 11.23 Regulation of the bgl operon by proteinmediated antltermlnatlon. Figure 11.24 The tRNA-responsive T box riboswitch system. The leader RNAs for ...Figure 11.25 Metabolite-binding riboswitch regulation of transcription attenua...Figure 11.26 Regulation by mRNA degradation. The E. coli rne gene, which encod...Figure 11.27 Regulation of the E. coli rpoH gene by an RNA thermosensor. Trans...Figure 11.28 Regulation by translational arrest in the ribosome. (A) Regulatio...Figure 11.29 Regulated proteolysis of os by adaptors and antiadaptors. Under n...
13 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Diauxic growth of E. coli in a mixture of glucose and galactose. T...Figure 12.2 Exogenous glucose inhibits both cAMP synthesis and the uptake of o...Figure 12.3 Model for CAP activation at class I and class II CAP-dependent pro...Figure 12.4 Summary of the RNA polymerase-promoter and activator-promoter inte...Figure 12.5 Regulation of the lac operon by both glucose and the inducer lacto...Figure 12.6 Mutations in the lac regulatory region that affect activation by c...Figure 12.7 Carbon catabolite regulation in B. subtilis. (A) The CcpA regulato...Figure 12.8 Pathways for nitrogen assimilation in E. coli and other enteric ba...Figure 12.9 Regulation of nitrogen assimilation genes by a signal transduction...Figure 1 Modified from Dhiman A, Schleif R, J Bacteriol 182:5076–5081, 2000.Figure 2Figure 12.10 Sequence comparison of promoters recognized by the RNA polymerase...Figure 12.11 Model for the activation of the p2 promoter by phosphorylated Ntr...Figure 12.12 Translational autoregulation of ribosomal protein gene expression...Figure 12.13 Model for synthesis of ppGpp after amino acid starvation. Cells a...Figure 12.14 Regulation of SpoT activity. SpoT has both (p) ppGpp synthetase a...Figure 12.15 Induction of the heat shock response in E. coli. The rpoH mRNA is...Figure 12.16 Repression and activation by the DsrA sRNA. (A) Domain 1 of the D...Figure 12.17 Two envelope stress responses in E. coli respond to different str...Figure 12.18 Regulation of operons in the Fur regulon. (Left) Negative regulat...Figure 12.19 Regulation of the C. diphtheriae tox gene of prophage ß. The DtxR...Figure 12.20 Regulatory cascade for V.