Biostatistics Decoded. A. Gouveia Oliveira

Figure 1.11 Measures of dispersion derived from measures of location.Figure 1.12 The n divisor of the sum of squares.Figure 1.13 The n − 1 divisor of the sum of squares.Figure 1.14 Relationship between a proportion and its variance.Figure 1.15 Two random variables with uniform distribution.Figure 1.16 Properties of means and variances.Figure 1.17 Table of mean and variance properties.Figure 1.18 Tabulation of nominal data.Figure 1.19 Typical presentation of several nominal attributes in a single t...Figure 1.20 Tabulation of ordinal and interval data.Figure 1.21 Table with summary statistics describing the information collect...Figure 1.22 Illustration of the phenomenon of sampling variation. Above are ...Figure 1.23 Frequency distributions of some biological variables.Figure 1.24 The origin of the normal distribution.Figure 1.25 Frequency distribution of sums of identical variables with unifo...Figure 1.26 Properties of the normal distribution.Figure 1.27 Relationship between the area under the normal curve and the sta...Figure 1.28 The total obtained from the throw of six dice may be seen as the...Figure 1.29 Distribution of sample means of different sample sizes.Figure 1.30 Comparison of the computation of sample and population statistic...Figure 1.31 Illustration of the phenomenon of sampling variation. Above, pie...Figure 1.32 Probability distribution of a proportion: the binomial distribut...Figure 1.33 The convergence of the binomial to the normal distribution.

      2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 The path to causality. Types of research studies.Figure 2.2 Classification of descriptive studies and corresponding populatio...Figure 2.3 Schema of a prevalence study.Figure 2.4 Steps in the inference of the value of the population mean from t...Figure 2.5 Statistical table of the normal distribution I.Figure 2.6 Statistical table of the normal distribution II.Figure 2.7 Relationship between the sample size and the spread of the sample...Figure 2.8 The error in the determination of confidence limits from standard...Figure 2.9 Several Student’s t distributions with different degrees of freed...Figure 2.10 Number of estimated standard errors on each side of the mean tha...Figure 2.11 Steps in the construction of 95% confidence intervals using Stud...Figure 2.12 Example of utilization of a statistical table of Student’s t dis...Figure 2.13 Steps in the construction of the 95% confidence interval of the ...Figure 2.14 Example of a statistical table of the binomial distribution.Figure 2.15 Relationship between sample size requirements and desired error ...Figure 2.16 Types of events.Figure 2.17 Organization of an incidence study.Figure 2.18 Schema of a cohort study.Figure 2.19 Closed and open cohort. Horizontal lines represent subjects obse...Figure 2.20 Illustration of the person‐time method.Figure 2.21 Illustration of the person‐time method applied to an event that ...Figure 2.22 The direct standardization method.Figure 2.23 The indirect standardization method.Figure 2.24 Time‐to‐event data.Figure 2.25 The actuarial method.Figure 2.26 Illustration of the actuarial method showing on the left the stu...Figure 2.27 Actuarial curve.Figure 2.28 Illustration of the Kaplan–Meier method showing on the left the ...Figure 2.29 Kaplan–Meier curve.Figure 2.30 Kaplan–Meier curve with 95% confidence bands.Figure 2.31 Representation of simple and systematic sampling. Each square re...Figure 2.32 Comparison of the binomial and the hypergeometric distributions....Figure 2.33 Decreasing variance by splitting the population into strata.Figure 2.34 The different types of stratified sampling.Figure 2.35 Sample size requirements for simple and stratified sampling.Figure 2.36 Multistage and cluster sampling.Figure 2.37 Illustration of two‐stage sampling combined with sampling with p...

      3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Data from a prevalence study of COPD in the general population.Figure 3.2 Probability distributions of proportions, odds, and logits.Figure 3.3 Attributable fraction in the population and among the exposed.Figure 3.4 Classification of observational analytical studies.Figure 3.5 Schema of an uncontrolled cross‐sectional analytical study. Black...Figure 3.6 Schema of an uncontrolled analytical cohort study. Black subjects...Figure 3.7 Models of the relationship between exposure and outcome. In (a), ...Figure 3.8 Schema of a case–control study. Black subjects are the exposed.Figure 3.9 Schema of a cohort study. Black subjects are the cases.Figure 3.10 Steps in the construction of 95% confidence intervals for the di...Figure 3.11 Steps in the construction of 95% confidence intervals for the di...Figure 3.12 Steps in the construction