href="#ulink_69676443-d3eb-5ed5-b23a-7ef5ce854ab3">Figure 1.4 The involvedness of the DSA decision‐making process.
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Sensing a wide band of spectrum.Figure 2.2 Two‐dimensional spectrum sensing.Figure 2.3 Three‐Dimensional spectrum sensing.Figure 2.4 Leveraging signal receiver reconstruction of the received signal ...Figure 2.5 Time domain energy detection.Figure 2.6 Frequency domain energy detection.Figure 2.7 Signal detection using matched filters.Figure 2.8 Signal detection using autocorrelation.Figure 2.9 Signal sampling before autocorrelation.Figure 2.10 Direct sequence spread spectrum modulation.Figure 2.11 Frequency‐hopping spread spectrum signal modulation.Figure 2.12 Fast hopping where three hops occur during the modulation of one...Figure 2.13 Cooperative spectrum sensing with MIMO DFC.Figure 2.14 Geographical separation creating opportunistic spectrum use for ...Figure 2.15 Geographical separation creating the DSA of a limited set of fre...Figure 2.16 The hidden node problem.Figure 2.17 Directional secondary user's leveraging of the primary user's be...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Single‐threshold ROC model leading to false alarm and misdetectio...Figure 3.2 Different ROC curves for different SNIR (not to scale).Figure 3.3 4‐ary PSK and 8‐ary PSK.Figure 3.4 Decisions zones for 8‐ary PSK.Figure 3.5 PDF contour of a PSK signal and perpendicular bisector between tw...Figure 3.6 Hypothesizing the presence of noise and interfering signal with P...Figure 3.7 Interference from some RF neighbors.Figure 3.8 Directional sensing with multisector antenna.Figure 3.9 Example of a single‐sector radiation pattern corresponding to the...Figure 3.10 Cooperative distributed estimation of area of interference.Figure 3.11 Cooperative estimation of overlay spatial use of different frequ...Figure 3.12 A centralized arbitrator use of a larger frequency pool to overc...Figure 3A.1 Ideal labeling of a dataset.Figure 3A.2 A classifier outcome of the dataset.Figure 3A.3 Specifying FP and FN rates.Figure 3A.4 An example of a ROC curve in the ROC space.Figure 3A.5 ROC space working areas and thresholds.Figure 3A.6 Multiple classifier ROC cuves.
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Trade space to be considered for hybrid DSA decision fusion.Figure 4.2 Local decision fusion based on single‐dimensional knowledge base.Figure 4.3 Decision fusion based on two‐dimensional knowledge base.Figure 4.4 The interface between a cognitive routing engine and a cognitive ...Figure 4.5 Pointing directions between two nodes.Figure 4.6 Local and gateway nodes cognitive engines.Figure 4.7 Conceptual view of how control traffic volume depends on updating...Figure 4.8 The use of a centralized DSA arbitrator in a hybrid DSA system of...Figure 4.9 The use of a centralized DSA arbitrator can further optimize spec...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 The construct of DSA as a set of cloud services in network hierar...Figure 5.2 The generic cognitive engine representation that can be used at a...Figure 5.3 The main thread in the central arbitrator.Figure 5.4 Gateway DSA cognitive engine thread for a frequency change.Figure 5.5 Gateway DSA engine upward propagation of spectrum sensing informa...Figure 5.6 The DSA cloud services model.Figure 5.7 Iterative process to create a workable DSA service agreement.
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Standalone mm‐wave 5G access.Figure 6.2 Nonstandalone mm‐wave 5G access.Figure 6.3 5G access with the mm‐wave as an enabler.Figure 6.4 Traditional cellular frequency spatial separation planning.Figure 6.5 Single flow in a cell area of coverage.Figure 6.6 Multi‐flow, each with a single hop to a different cell.Figure 6.7 Transmission capacity general model. Triangles represent idle nod...Figure 6.8 5G cell overlay over cellular base station.Figure 6.9 5G FD communications with different stages of noise cancellation....Figure 6.10 5G protocol stack.Figure 6.11 The compound overlay of 5G entities in a 5G deployment.Figure 6.12 5G use of the macrocell as the fusion center.Figure 6.13