Geochemistry. William M. White

function of pH for several ideal natural sy...Figure 6.4 Buffer capacity of a carbonate solution in equilibrium with atmos...Figure 6.5 Illustration of ion pair and complex formation. Two types of ion ...Figure 6.6 Predominant aquo-, hydroxo-, and oxo-complexes as a function of p...Figure 6.7 Fraction of Pb complexed as PbOH⁺ as a function of pH.Figure 6.8 pH and −log α, as a function of total copper concentration in aqu...Figure 6.9 Classification of the elements with respect to complex formation ...Figure 6.10 Stability constants for transition metal sulfate and organic com...Figure 6.11 Concentration of calcium ion in equilibrium with calcite at 25°C...Figure 6.12 Comparison of the evolution of systems with constant

(open sys...Figure 6.13 Predominance diagrams for Mg-bearing phases in equilibrium with ...Figure 6.14 Stability of magnesite, dolomite, calcite, and brucite in equili...Figure 6.15 Stability diagram showing the stable solid Fe-bearing phases in ...Figure 6.16 Log activity of dissolved silica in equilibrium with quartz and ...Figure 6.17 Solubility of metal hydroxides as a function of pH. After Stumm ...Figure 6.18 Log activity of dissolved aluminum species and total Al (solid r...Figure 6.19 Solubility of goethite as a function of pH. Solubility of indivi...Figure 6.20 Total dissolved Al activity in equilibrium with gibbsite, pyroph...Figure 6.21 Stability diagram for the system K₂O−Al₂O₃−SiO₂−H₂O at 25°C. Aft...Figure 6.22 Stability diagram for the system K₂O−Na₂O−CaO−Al₂O₃−SiO₂−H₂O at ...Figure 6.23 Structure of gibbsite and brucite. (a) Plan (vertical) view. (b)...Figure 6.24 Structure of kaolinite. (a) Plan view of the tetrahedral layer. ...Figure 6.25 Structure of pyrophyllite.Figure 6.26 Structure of muscovite (KAl₃Si₃O₁₀(OH)₂). The structure of the c...Figure 6.27 Structure of chlorite.Figure 6.28 (a) Metal ions (small red spheres) and oxygens (large gray spher...Figure 6.29 Complex formation of solid surfaces may occur when (a) a metal r...Figure 6.30 Binding of ligands (anions) on the surface of hydrous ferric oxi...Figure 6.31 Calculated adsorption of Pb²⁺ on hydrous ferric oxide for th...Figure 6.32 Calculated adsorption (Θ, fraction of sites occupied) of metals ...Figure 6.33 Inner sphere surface complexes involve some degree of covalent b...Figure 6.34 (a) Surface charge of some common sedimentary materials as a fun...Figure 6.35 Surface charge on FeOOH as a function of pH for different ionic ...Figure 6.36 (a) Titration of a suspension of α−FeOOH (goethite) (6 g/liter)...Figure 6.37 Variation in electrical potential and ions with distance from a ...Figure 6.38 The double layer surrounding clay particles.Figure 6.39 Surface speciation of hydrous ferric oxide for I = 0.1 M calcul...Figure 6.40 Comparison of calculated adsorption of Pb on hydrous ferric oxid...

      7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Three-dimensional histogram illustrating the abundance of the el...Figure 7.2 Goldschmidt's classification of the elements.Figure 7.3 The geochemical periodic table, in which elements are grouped acc...Figure 7.4 (a) Solubility of the rare gases in melts of varying composition ...Figure 7.5 Ionic radii of the lanthanide rare earth elements (3+ state excep...Figure 7.6 Concentrations of the rare earths in the carbonaceous chondritic ...Figure 7.7 A rare earth plot showing rare earth patterns for average upper c...Figure 7.8 Shale-normalized REE patterns of a Pacific pelagic sediment (V21-...Figure 7.9 Chondrite-normalized abundances of the noble metals in ore deposi...Figure 7.10 Ionic radius (picometers) vs. ionic charge contoured for clinopy...Figure 7.11 Effects of temperature and water in the melt on trace element pa...Figure 7.12 Experimentally determined clinopyroxene–liquid and plagioclase–l...Figure 7.13 Because increasing pressure increases the amount of jadeite (NaA...Figure 7.14 Variation of the zinc olivine/liquid partition coefficient as a ...Figure 7.15 Comparison of Zn olivine/melt partition coefficients of Kohn and...Figure 7.16 Effect of tetrahedral aluminum mole fraction and Na₂O melt conce...Figure 7.17 Comparison of calculated REE patterns for a representative andes...Figure 7.18 Rare earth mineral–melt partition coefficients for mafic magmas....Figure 7.19 Geometry of the d orbitals.Figure 7.20 (a) Orientation of ligands and Cartesian coordinates for a metal...Figure 7.21 (a) Orientation of ligands and Cartesian coordinates for a metal...Figure 7.22 Arrangement of ligands and energy levels for (a) an octahedral s...Figure 7.23 Schematic phase diagram for the system forsterite–Ni olivine sho...Figure 7.24 Variation in C ^ℓ /C ^o with degree of melting, F, for various ...Figure 7.25 Rare earth patterns of 7% batch and aggregate fractional partial...Figure 7.26 Comparison of continuous and fractional melting for D = 0.0001 a...Figure 7.27 Representation of melting of an ascending packet of mantle in te...Figure 7.28 Relationship between extent of melting, F, and temperature in pe...Figure 7.29 Relationship between dihedral angle, θ, and melt distributi...Figure 7.30 Three-dimensional network formed by melt along triple junctions ...Figure 7.31 (a) Melting regime under a mid-ocean ridge. Red lines show the f...Figure 7.32 Variation of relative trace element concentration in a liquid un...Figure 7.33 Magma chamber undergoing in situ crystallization. The solidifica...Figure 7.34 Comparison of the effects of in situ and fractional crystallizat...Figure 7.35 Schematic illustration of a steady-state and periodically refill...Figure 7.36 Concentration of Ni and La in closed system fractional crystalli...Figure 7.37 La and Ni concentrations plotted against MgO concentration in a ...Figure 7.38 Plot of the ratio of two incompatible elements (one with D = 0.0...

      8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Binding energy per nucleon versus mass number.Figure 8.2 Binding energy per nucleon versus mass number as calculated using...Figure 8.3 Neutron number versus proton number for stable nuclides.Figure 8.4 Nuclear energy-level diagram showing decay of bismuth-212 by alph...Figure 8.5 Proton and neutron occupation levels of boron-12, carbon-12, and ...Figure 8.6 Schematic of a magnetic sector mass spectrometer. Ions produced a...Figure 8.7 A Rb-Sr isochron. Five analyses from a clast in the Bholghati met...Figure 8.8 Sr isotopic evolution of the bulk Earth, evolution of high Rb/Sr ...Figure 8.9 ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr in seawater over the last 800 Ma, determined from the a...Figure 8.10 (a) Nd isotope evolution in mantle and crust. Bold line shows th...Figure 8.11 Sm-Nd model ages. ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd is extrapolated backward (slope de...Figure 8.12 Sr and Nd isotope ratios in major geochemical reservoirs. The is...Figure 8.13 ε_Hf vs. ε_Nd in oceanic basalts and seawater.Figure 8.14 Low ¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf in zircons allows for calculation of their ε_Hf a...Figure 8.15 (a) Schematic evolution of Os isotope ratios in the mantle and c...Figure 8.16 (a) Histogram comparing γ_Os in abyssal peridotites, MORB, and su...Figure 8.17 Os isotope composition of seawater over the last 80 Ma. Based on...Figure 8.18 High-precision Ce and Nd isotope data on MORB, OIB, island arc v...Figure 8.19 Evolution of Pb isotope ratios. The curved lines represent the e...Figure 8.20 Zircon crystal seen under the microscope. This crystal is approx...Figure 8.21 A concordia diagram illustrating U–Pb dating of zircons and othe...Figure 8.22 Pb isotope ratios in major terrestrial reservoirs. Typical lower...Figure 8.23 Part of the chart of the nuclides showing the series of decays t...Figure 8.24 (²³⁰Th/²³²Th) as a function of depth in a manganese nodule from ...Figure 8.25 Sea level rise at the end of the last glaciation based on Th-U d...Figure 8.26 Left. Photo of flowstone over a hand stencil in Maltravieso Cave...Figure 8.27 (a) ²³⁰Th–²³⁸U isochron diagram. The (²³⁸U/²³²Th) of the source ...Figure 8.28 (a) ²³⁰Th–²³⁸U mineral isochron on a dacite lava from Seguam Isl...Figure 8.29 He isotope ratios in various terrestrial and solar system materi...Figure 8.30 Ne isotope ratios in terrestrial materials. The line marked “MDF...Figure 8.31 A ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar step-heating release spectrum of a basalt from Grena...Figure 8.32 Variation of ¹⁴²Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd in terrestrial materials and meteorites...Figure 8.33 ³⁶Cl/Cl age of groundwater in the Milk River aquifer in Alberta,...Figure 8.34 Cosmic ray exposure age distribution in iron meteorites. Sevente...

      9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Periodic Table of the Elements illustrating the traditional stabl...Figure 9.2 Energy-level diagram for the hydrogen molecule. Fundamental vibr...Figure 9.3 (a) The three modes of motion for a diatomic molecule. Rotations ...Figure 9.4 Fractionation factor, α= (¹⁸O/¹⁶O)_CO/(¹⁸O/¹⁶O)_O2, calculated from...Figure 9.5 Calculated value of α_18O for CO₂–H₂O, shown vs. 1/T and 1/T ² . Da...Figure 9.6 Fractionation of isotope ratios during Rayleigh and equilibrium ...Figure 9.7 Oxygen isotopic compositions in the stratosphere and troposphere...Figure 9.8