Widjijono Widjijono, Purwanto A, Dyah I. (2009).Mechanical properties of carving wax with various Ca‐bentolite filter composition. Dental Journal 42. (3): 114–117
2 2 Widjijono (2009). Correlation between calcium bentonite concentration and paraffin wax to the hardness of carving wax. Dental Journal 14 (1): 20–23
3 3 Craig, R.G. and Powers, J.M. (2012). Restorative Dental Materials, 11e. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
4 4 Tony, J., David, G.P., Christopher, W.S., and David, G.W. (2016). Basics of Dental Technology: A Step by Step Approach, 2e. West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell.
5 5 Veecarestores (2019). Lecron carver: Use in dentistry. https://veecaredentalinstruments.tumblr.com/post/189770090499/lecron‐carver‐use‐in‐dentistry (accessed 19 March 2020).
6 6 Medical Tools (2020). Lecron wax carver. https://medical‐tools.com/shop/lecron‐wax‐carver.html (accessed 19 March 2020).
7 7 Harald, O.H., Edward, J.S., and Andre, V.R. (2013). Sturdevant's Art and Science of Operative Dentistry, 6e. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
8 8 National Council of Educational Research and Training (n.d.). Experiments. http://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/kelm102.pdf (accessed 19 March 2020).
9 9 Stephen, F.R., Martin, F.L., and Junhei, F. (2016). Contemporary Fixed Prosthodontics, 5e. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
3 Pre‐carving Preparation of Wax Blocks
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
The student will be able to assess the condition of the wax block and perform preparation steps before the actual carving steps.
Smoothing the Wax Surface
Wax block obtained from the manufacturers will have irregularities, air spaces, or voids (Figure 3.1). These are created due to low filler content or entrapment of air during pouring into and hardening of the wax in the mould [1]. The wax surface should be smoothed before carving [2, 3]. Use the non‐cutting edge of the carver in a single direction (Figure 3.2) to smooth surfaces (Figures 3.3 and 3.4)
Figures 3.1–3.4 Technique to smooth wax block surface before the carving step sequence.
Figures 3.5–3.8 Sequence of steps to divide the wax blocks before the actual carving steps.
Division of Wax Block
Divide each end of the wax block into four equal parts. Taking the guidance of the cross lines at the ends divide each side of the wax block into two equal parts. The midline drawn on the wax block would help in placing the incisal edge of a tooth either buccally or lingually or in the centre to the long axis (the midline drawn), depending on the tooth (Figures 3.5–3.8).
References
1 1 Widjijono, Purwanto, A., and Dyah, I. (2009). Mechanical properties of carving wax with various Ca‐bentolite filter composition. Dental Journal 42 (3): 114–117.
2 2 Linek, H.A. (1949). Tooth Carving Manual, 1e. Long Island City, NY: Columbia Dentoform Corporation.
3 3 Rashmi, G.S. (2014). Textbook of Dental Anatomy, Physiology and Occlusion, 1e. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Ltd.
4 Anatomical Landmarks
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
At the end of the chapter, the student should have knowledge of various anatomical landmarks of anterior and posterior teeth that enhances the psychomotor skills for carving and waxing techniques.
Crown
Anatomic crown: Part of the tooth covered by enamel (Figure 4.1a) [1, 2].
Clinical crown: Part of the crown, visible in the oral cavity (Figure 4.1a) [1].
Root/Radicular Part
Anatomic root: Part of a tooth covered by cementum (Figure 4.1b) [1].
Clinical root: Part of a tooth covered with gingiva (Figure 4.1b) [1].
Median Line
The imaginary line that runs through the centre of the face, between the central incisors at their point of contact both in the maxilla and the mandible (Figure 4.1c) [1, 3].
Aspect
Labial Aspect
Features of the labial surface bordered by mesial, distal cervical, and incisal outlines (Figure 4.1d).
Lingual/Palatal Aspect
Features of the lingual surface bordered by mesial, distal cervical, and incisal outlines (Figure 4.1d).
Mesial Aspect
Features of the mesial surface bordered by labial, lingual/palatal, cervical, and incisal outlines (Figure 4.1e).
Distal Aspect
Features of the distal surface bordered by labial, lingual/palatal, cervical, and incisal outlines (Figure 4.1e).