in mind, researchers and clinicians have leveraged their knowledge and applied it to the treatment of other blood conditions as well as solid tumors. Today, hematopoietic stem cell transplants are being routinely administered as an adjuvant therapy to radiation and chemotherapy. Unfortunately, in spite of these recent advances, more than 50 percent of patients are still not cured.
Autologous and Allogeneic HSCTs
HSCTs can be transplanted in two ways: either through stem cells originating from the patient (autologous) or through stem cells coming from a donor (allogeneic). Allogeneic HSCTs show proven benefits, such as their ability to kill existing tumor cells in the recipient. This occurrence, labeled graft versus tumor (GVT), is an important feature of allogeneic transplants. When combined with chemotherapy, allogeneic transplants have succeeded in decreasing the rate of relapse in solid tumors affecting kidneys and breasts. Autologous HSCTs can be administered to patients with solid tumors and reduce the possibility of graft rejection. This treatment option is very useful in young children who cannot undergo radiation, and the fact that they can be re-infused with their own hematopoietic stem cells is a plus.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants and New Demand
As people get old, the risk of incurring solid tumors increases, therefore creating a greater demand for hematopoietic stem cell transplants to shield patients from the noxious effects of radiation and chemotherapy. Because of the shortage of donor-recipient bone marrow around the world, researchers have been looking into ways to find other types of stem cells that could constitute sustainable sources of hematopoietic transplants.
One potential option might reside in the use of umbilical cord blood. One of the benefits of cord blood is that its supply is simple, and it does not create any risks to donors. Another advantage is the diminished likelihood of virus transmission; and finally, there would be no ethical issues related to its use. The only drawback is the limited quantity of stem cells available per umbilical cord, which is barely enough to provide treatment to a child or an adult of small size. Such limitations must be overcome to enable cord blood stem cell transplants to be widely used. On another front, scientists are studying whether cord blood stem cells could directly differentiate into specialized cells known as dendritic cells, and trigger T cells in the immune system into attacking solid tumors.
Before novel and effective therapies targeted at cancer stem cells can be developed, several questions need to be answered regarding their role in the treatment of solid tumors. Researchers are also trying to better understand the properties and specificity of stem cells. They are still investigating which type of molecules trigger the proliferation of cancer stem cells and which ones reduce it. These questions are currently being investigated by scientists whose objective is to define and implement strategies aimed at efficiently targeting and eradicating cancer stem cells.
Coast-to-coast and all over the United States, clinical research and studies into the treatment of solid tumors are being conducted that hold significant promise for success. A listing of solid tumors medical research trials actively recruiting patient volunteers can be found at https://www.centerwatch.com/clinical-trials/listings/condition/424/solid-tumors.
Latest News: NCI Implements the National Clinical Trials Network
A recently written article discussed the latest initiative of the National Cancer Institute (NCI), which is currently working to launch a clinical trials research network to improve treatment for the million Americans diagnosed with cancer each year. The new initiative hopes to facilitate the implementation of cancer clinical trials to increase efficiency, and to set up a research system that would count more than 3,000 clinical trials sites. Grants to fund the program are expected to “be awarded early in the spring of 2014.”
Morenike Trenou
Independent Scholar
See Also: Adult Stem Cells: Overview; Cancer Stem Cells: Overview; Cord Blood Stem Cells; Hematopoietic Transplantation: Cancer; iPS, Methods to Produce.
Further Readings
Azad, N., et al. “The Future of Epigenetic Therapy in Solid Tumours—Lessons From the Past.” Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology (May 2013).
Bishop, M. R., et al. “NCI 1st International Workshop on the Biology, Prevention, and Treatment of Relapse After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Summary and Recommendations From the Organizing Committee.” Biology of Blood Marrow Transplantation, v.17/4 (2011).
Daley, G. Q. “The Promise and Perils of Stem Cell Therapeutics.” Cell Stem Cell, v.10/6 (2012).
Fang, D. D., D. Wen, and Y. Xu. “Identification of Cancer Stem Cells Provides Novel Tumor Models for Drug Discovery.” Frontiers in Medicine, v.6/2 (2012).
Gluckman, E., et al. “Milestones in Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation.” British Journal of Haematology, v.154 (2011).
Moore, A. S., et al. “Haemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Children in Australia and New Zealand, 1998–2006: A Report on Behalf of the Australasian Bone Marrow Transplant Recipient Registry and the Australian and New Zealand Children’s Haematology Oncology Group.” Medical Journal of Australia, v.190/3 (2009).
Pelosi, E., G. Castelli, and U. Testa. “Human Umbilical Cord Is a Unique and Safe Source of Various Types of Stem Cells Suitable for Treatment of Haematological Diseases for Regenerative Medicine.” Blood Cells, Molecules, and Diseases, v.49 (2012).
Sampieri, K. and R. Fodde. “Cancer Stem Cells and Metastasis.” Seminars in Cancer Biology, v.22 (2012).
Van Bekkum, D. W. and H. M. M. Mikkers. “Prospects and Challenges of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as a Source of Hematopoietic Stem Cells.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v.1266 (2012).
Clinical Trials, U.S.: Spinal Cord Injury
Clinical Trials, U.S.: Spinal Cord Injury
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Clinical Trials, U.S.: Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is caused by trauma to the spinal cord that results in a loss of motor control, sensory perception, bowel and bladder control, and numerous other voluntary or involuntary body functions. A traumatic blow to the spine can fracture or dislocate vertebrae, which may cause bone fragments or disc material to injure the nerve fibers and damage the oligodendrocyte cells that insulate the nerve fibers in the spinal cord. Most human spinal cord injuries are contusions (bruises) rather than lacerations to the cord.
Every year approximately 12,000 people in the United States sustain spinal cord injuries, and currently there are approximately 840,000 spinal cord injury patients in the United States. The odds of a traumatic spinal injury in the United States are 40 in 1 million, and the assessed cost of these patients is $8 billion yearly, with individual costs of up to $1.35 million over the course of one’s life. Contemporary management options give a median survival time of 38 years; however, no rehabilitative measures are available. The lack of mobility and increased dependence of SCI patients on their families or rehabilitation care aggregates psychological stress along with other secondary complications, such as urinary tract infection and pressure sores, requiring constant hospitalization, further burdening the health care system.
There are currently no approved therapies available for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Stem cells have been given attention and been under research for several years because of their remarkable ability to differentiate into neural cell lines replacing non-functional tissue. Stem cells have the ability of self-renewal and differentiation. Stem cells are first identified in the hematopoietic system; they are likely to be present in many other tissues. The