Basic Science Correlations
Clinical Correlations
11 Muscle
Muscles of Mastication
Muscles of the Tongue, Soft Palate, and Pharynx
Development of Skeletal Muscle
Structure of Skeletal Muscle
Mastication
Structure of Smooth Muscle
Basic Science Correlations
12 Cartilage and Temporomandibular Joint
Development and Structure of Cartilage
Components of the Temporomandibular Joint
Clinical Correlation: Pathoses of the Temporomandibular Joint
13 Immune System
Initiation of Immune Response
Development of T Lymphocytes
Structure of T-Cell Receptors
Structure of Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules
Processing and Presentation of Antigenic Peptides
Activation of T Cells
Function of Helper T Cells
Function of Cytolytic T Lymphocytes and Classic Natural Killer Cells
Development of B Lymphocytes
Activation of B Cells
Non–Antigen-Specific Activation of T and B Cells
Development of Immunologic Tolerance
Structure and Function of Plasma Cells
Initiation of Serum Antibody Response
Lymphocyte Circulation from Bone Marrow to Secondary Lymphoid and Peripheral Tissues
Role of Keratinocytes in the Immune Response
Role of Dendritic Cells and Langerhans Cells
Basic Science Correlations
Clinical Correlation: Immune Response in Gingival and Periodontal Disease
14 Phagocytic Cells
Development of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils
Role of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil Cell Surface Receptors
Activation of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils
Development and Structure of Monocytes and Macrophages
Types of Monocyte and Macrophage Receptors
Activation of Monocytes
Transmigration of Phagocytic Cells
Chemotaxis
Phagocytosis
Generation of Reactive Oxygen Metabolites
Antimicrobial Agents of Phagocytes
Role of Phagocytes in Regulating Inflammation
Aggregation of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils
Cytokine Regulation of Phagocytic Cells
Structure and Function of the Complement System
Biologic Effects of Lipopolysaccharide
Glucocorticoid Modulation of the Inflammatory Response
Immunomodulatory Evasion Mechanisms of Microbes
Clinical Correlation: Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil Function and Periodontal Disease
Since the deciphering of the genetic code, scientists have gained enormous insight into how cells and tissues function. It is now evident that our understanding of the structure and function of oral cells and tissues must be based on knowledge of subcellular mechanisms common to most cell types. More than ever, the basic sciences are essential in oral biology, helping us to understand the nature of oral cells and tissues in health and disease. This book seeks to bring our understanding of the basic biology of the oral cavity to bear on the daily clinical practice of dentistry. To accomplish this, whenever possible, the chapters conclude with sections on the basic science and clinical correlations of the information presented. It is my hope that individuals seeking an overview of the cellular components of the oral cavity, whether they are dental students or researchers new to the biology of the oral cavity, will find this book to be a useful framework for their studies.
Keeping up with the flood of new information and defining the book’s boundaries were constant challenges. Nevertheless, I have made every effort to make the text as comprehensive and as straightforward as possible for students at any level. I was inspired to write this book because of the pleasure I get from learning about new discoveries and from knowing that there are students who, although anxious to study the purely clinical aspects of their education, see and appreciate the profound beauty of the cells and tissues of the oral cavity.
Several individuals deserve acknowledgment for their inspiration and assistance during preparation of this book. My teachers at the Harvard School of Dental Medicine, especially Drs Paul Goldhaber, George Szabo, and the late John Nalbandian, were instrumental in setting me on the path of academic dentistry and making study, research, and discovery a major part of my adult life.
Without the encouragement and support of Dean Barry Rifkin, along with the generous resources of Stony Brook University, writing this book would have been impossible. I must also thank Drs James Sciubba and Moon-II Cho for their encouragement and continued insistence that I not give up this project.
I am also grateful to all the scientists and publishers who graciously permitted me to adapt and/or reproduce their illustrations for this book.
Finally, I am most grateful to my spouse and best friend, Jeanne. Without her