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      1 large onion with peel

      1 Tbsp. vegetable oil

      3 celery stalks

      1 bay leaf

      10 whole peppercorns

      1 gallon cold water

      salt to taste (optional)

      1 Cut the chicken into pieces; reserve the bones. Note that the chicken heart and gizzard are excellent for use in stocks. Set aside the liver for another purpose, though; stock made with liver can become murky and unappetizing.

      2 Wash but do not peel the carrot, and cut it into chunks. Quarter the unpeeled onion.

      3 In a large stockpot, heat the oil, add the chicken parts, and cook them for a few minutes to brown the skin. Add the remaining ingredients to the pot, and slowly bring the liquid to a boil.

      4 Turn the heat to low, and simmer the stock, skimming the foam from the surface every half-hour. Keep the stock simmering, uncovered, for at least 2½ hours — until the chicken is so thoroughly cooked that it falls from the bones and easily can be pulled apart with a fork.

      5 Strain the liquid, and discard the solid ingredients. Add salt to taste.

       Preserving Stock: Shelf Versus Freezer

      Chicken, beef and vegetable stock will keep for many months when canned or frozen. Both preservation methods produce excellent results, and you will have homemade stock at the ready for weeks or months to come.

      For both methods, start by refrigerating the stock until the fat rises and congeals; then skim the fat from the surface. If you choose to can the stock, reheat it while you sterilize the jars.

      For canned stock, you must use a pressure canner. Follow the instructions for your particular canner and altitude. Unlike pickles, chutneys and acidic fruits and vegetables, stocks cannot be safely preserved with a boiling-water bath — the most common canning method.

      Pressure canning your stock requires some time and trouble, but it offers these advantages over freezing:

      • When you’re ready to use the stock, you need only open a jar. Thawing time isn’t necessary.

      • Canned stock requires no freezer space, and there’s no danger of spoilage if the power goes out in your home.

      Freezing stock requires only these simple steps once the fat is removed:

      • Pour the stock into clean plastic containers, leaving 1 inch of headroom, because the stock will expand as it freezes.

      • Fasten the lids tightly to the containers, and stack the containers in the freezer.

      Freezing stocks and other liquids in glass jars is not recommended, because jars are highly prone to breakage as liquid expands into the narrow areas at the tops of the jars.

      You can use pint- and quart-sized containers for any stock that you plan to use specifically in those quantities, but smaller containers often are handy if you require smaller amounts of stock for other purposes, such as making sauces or glazes. — C.M.

       TIP

      If you freeze some stock in ice-cube trays and then transfer the frozen stock cubes to a plastic bag, you can pull a cube from the bag when a recipe calls for just a tablespoon or two of stock.

       Beef Stock

      Roasting beef, bones and vegetables in the oven before combining them with liquid produces a rich stock with a deep brown color. The oven heat caramelizes the vegetables, adding flavor to the stock. You can use this stock as the basis for classic French onion soup as well as numerous dishes and sauces.

      5 lb. meaty beef bones, preferably including some knuckle bones, with some marrow exposed

      1 lb. chuck, flank or scraps

      1 large onion, unpeeled

      2 medium carrots

      olive oil as needed

      1 cup hot water

      1 celery stalk

      3 unpeeled garlic cloves, crushed

      6 fresh parsley sprigs

      2 bay leaves

      10 peppercorns

      3 quarts cold water

      1 Preheat the oven to 400 degrees Fahrenheit. Cut the meat into 2-inch chunks. Quarter the unpeeled onion, wash but do not peel the carrots, and cut the carrots and celery into 1-inch pieces. Rub the beef bones with olive oil — enough to coat the bones.

      2 Using a large pan, roast the bones, meat, onion and carrots in the oven for about 45 minutes, turning from time to time until they are brown. Transfer to a large stockpot.

      3 Heat the roasting pan on the stovetop over low heat, add hot water to the pan, and scrape it with a metal spatula to loosen browned meat that sticks to the bottom.

      4 Pour the liquid from the roasting pan, along with any bits of meat, into the stockpot.

      5 Add the celery, garlic, parsley, bay leaves and peppercorns to the stockpot with enough cold water just to cover the bones. Slowly bring the liquid to a boil; then simmer, uncovered, for about 5 hours.

      6 Strain the liquid through a cheesecloth-lined sieve. Discard the solid ingredients, which will have imparted their flavor to the stock.