Fundamentals of Pharmacology. Группа авторов

in medicine. In: Evidence‐Based Patient Choice (eds. A. Edwards and G. Elwyn). London: Oxford University Press.

      43 Stone, J. and Moskowitz, G.B. (2011). Non‐conscious bias in medical decision‐making: what can be done to reduce it. Medical Education 45: 768–776.

      44 Studdert, D., Mello, M., Sage, W. et al. (2005). Defensive medicine among high‐risk specialist physicians in a volatile malpractice environment. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 293: 2609–2617.

      45 Velasquez, M., Andre C., Shanks, S. et al (1988). Ethics and virtue. https://www.scu.edu/ethics/ethics‐resources/ethical‐decision‐making/ethics‐and‐virtue (accessed 19 September 2019).

      46 World Medical Association (2008). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. https://www.wma.net/wp‐content/uploads/2016/11/DoH‐Oct2008.pdf (accessed 19 September 2019).

      47 Williamson, C. (2010). Towards the Emancipation of Patients. Patients' Experiences and the Patient Movement. Bristol: Policy Press.

Further reading

      1 Useful reads: Medical Protection www.medicalprotection.org/uk/hub/ethics.

      2 Specialist Pharmacy Service (2018). Medicines Matters: A guide to the prescribing, supply and administration of medicines (in England) (2018). https://www.sps.nhs.uk/wp‐content/uploads/2018/10/Medicines‐Matters‐september‐2018‐1.pdf

      3 Royal Pharmaceutical Society and Royal College of Nursing (2019). Professional Guidance on the Administration of Medicines in Healthcare settings). https://www.rpharms.com/Portals/0/RPS%20document%20library/Open%20access/Professional%20standards/SSHM%20and%20Admin/Admin%20of%20Meds%20prof%20guidance.pdf?ver=2019‐01‐23‐145026‐567.

      4 Royal Pharmaceutical Society (2018). Professional Guidance on the safe and secure handling of medicines. https://www.rpharms.com/recognition/setting‐professional‐standards/safe‐and‐secure‐handling‐of‐medicines/professional‐guidance‐on‐the‐safe‐and‐secure‐handling‐of‐medicines?welcome=true.

Multiple choice questions

      1 Common Law is also known as:Criminal LawCase LawStatute LawAll of the above

      2 Failure to act with reasonable care could result in healthcare staff being held responsible in which courts:Criminal CourtCivil CourtCivil and Criminal CourtAll of the above

      3 What year did the Medicines Act become statute?196619671968None of the above

      4 Utilitarian theory considers:The greatest good for the greatest numberYour duty of care takes priority over any other considerationsHow we ought to behave and seek relationshipsAll of the above

      5 When adopting principle‐based ethics to guide your decision‐making, where do you need to gather the facts from?From all the stakeholders involved within the scenarioFrom what is already knownFrom other facts that are relevant from other scenariosAll of the above

      6 Sensitive topics such as abortion can lead to the practitioner having a ___________ dilemma:EthicalClinicalLegalAll of the above

      7 Implicit means:HiddenObviousAvailableExplicit

      8 Elements of implicit bias include:StereotypesPrejudicesStereotypes and prejudicesImpartialities

      9 Healthcare professionals harbor a __________ level of implicit bias as the general population:LowerHigherEqualNone of the above

      10 The influences of implicit bias on the practitioner's professional behavior include:Making the client feel uncomfortableHelping them access servicesCorrect diagnoses and treatmentPatient concordance

      11 . What is the Bolam test?A test to assess patients' capacityThe opinion of a professional body as to whether the action was accepted practiceAn assessment of competency of a patient under 16All of the above

      12 Shared decision‐making:Is an approach to care that increases patient engagement in treatmentImproves patient engagement with care and treatmentReduces medico‐legal claimsAll of the above

      13 What is distributive justice in relation to healthcare?The fair and equal distribution of health resourcesThe “postcode lottery”An assessment of patient needAll of the above

      14 Why is research in healthcare so important?To test drugs for safety and efficacyTo develop better treatments for patientsTo improve outcomes for patientsAll of the above

      15 What must professionals do in order to abide by the “Duty of Candor”?Only tell the patient when a serious incident has occurredInform patients and their families of everything related to the patient's care at all costsApologize to patientsAll of the above

Find out more

      The following is a list of considerations, guiding legislation and ethical frameworks for safe and effective practice. Find out more about each of these and make notes in the section provided about what each of these involve and how it impacts upon the care of patients.

The consideration	Your notes
Mental Capacity Act (2005)
Burden of proof for negligence
Human Medicines Regulation (1971)
Research Ethics Committee
Northwick Park drug trials controversy