Natural selection 8.3 Measures of divergence and polymorphism 8.4 DNA sequence divergence and the molecular clock 8.5 Testing the molecular clock hypothesis and explanations for rate variation in molecular evolution 8.6 Testing the neutral theory null model of DNA sequence polymorphism 8.7 Recombination in the genealogical branching model Further reading End‐of‐chapter exercises
15 CHAPTER 9: Quantitative trait variation and evolution 9.1 Quantitative traits 9.2 Evolutionary change in quantitative traits 9.3 Quantitative trait loci (QTL) Further reading End‐of‐chapter exercises
16 CHAPTER 10: The Mendelian basis of quantitative trait variation 10.1 The connection between particulate inheritance and quantitative trait variation 10.2 Mean genotypic value in a population 10.3 Average effect of an allele 10.4 Breeding value and dominance deviation 10.5 Components of total genotypic variance 10.6 Genotypic resemblance between relatives Further reading End‐of‐chapter exercises
17 Appendix A.1 Covariance and Correlation Further reading
18 Bibliography
19 Index
List of Tables
1 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Punnett square to predict genotype frequencies for loci on sex chro...Table 2.2 An example DNA profile for three STR (“simple tandem repeat”) loci ...Table 2.3 Allele frequencies for nine STR loci commonly used in forensic case...Table 2.4 Expected numbers of each of the three MN blood group genotypes unde...Table 2.5 χ2 values and associated cumulative probabilities in the right‐hand...Table 2.6 Hardy–Weinberg expected genotype frequencies for the ABO blood grou...Table 2.7 Expected numbers of each of the four blood group genotypes under th...Table 2.8 Observed genotype counts and frequencies in a sample ofN = 200 indi...Table 2.9 Estimates of the fixation index (
2 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Typical results of sampling from beaker populations of micro‐centri...Table 3.2 The equations used to calculate the expected frequency of populatio...Table 3.3 The level of heterozygosity found in island and mainland population...Table 3.4 Data from simulated allele frequencies in Figure 3.20 used to estim...Table 3.5 Simulated allele frequencies in Figure 3.20 used to estimate the ef...Table 3.6 Empirical estimates of effective population size (
3 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Microsatellite genotypes with allelic states given in base pairs fo...Table 4.2 Seed progeny genotypes given with the known maternal parent genotyp...Table 4.3 Allele frequencies for fiveCorythophora alta microsatellite loci us...Table 4.4 The chance of a random match for the included fathers in Table 4.2....Table 4.5 The mathematical and biological definitions of heterozygosity for t...Table 4.6 The mathematical and biological definitions of fixation indices for...Table 4.7 Allele and genotype frequencies for the hypothetical example of alb...Table 4.8 Expected frequencies for individual DNA profile loci and the three ...Table 4.9 Estimates of the fixation index among subpopulations (FST) for dive...Table 4.10 An example of population assignment of a genotype using Bayes rule...Table 4.11 Distribution of natural log posterior probability values for clust...
4 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Per‐locus mutation rates measured for five loci that influence coat...Table 5.2 Rates of spontaneous mutation expressed per base pair per generatio...Table 5.3 The expected frequency of each family size per pair of parents (k) ...Table 5.4 Hypothetical allele frequencies in two subpopulations used to compu...Table 5.5 A comparison of hypothetical estimates of population subdivision as...
5 Chapter 6Table 6.1 The expected frequencies of two genotypes after natural selection f...Table 6.2 Assumptions of the basic natural selection model with a diallelic l...Table 6.3 The expected frequencies of three genotypes after natural selection...Table 6.4 The general categories of relative fitness values for viability sel...
6 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Relative fitness estimates for the six genotypes of the hemoglobin ...Table 7.2 Matrix of fitness values for all combinations of the four gametes f...Table 7.3 Expected frequencies of gametes under viability selection for two d...Table 7.4 Fitness values based on the fecundities of mating pairs of male and...
7 Chapter