4.
Wapiti with antlers in velvet. (Drawing by Mr. Charles Whymper, after photograph by Miss Reynolds)
|
16
|
|
5.
|
Wapiti with velvet shredding off. (Drawing by Mr. Charles Whymper, after photograph by Miss Reynolds)
|
17
|
|
6.
|
Sun-dew leaf and tentacles. (From Darwin’s “Insectivorous Plants.” Murray. By kind permission of Mr. Francis Darwin, F.R.S.)
|
26
|
|
7.
|
Venus’s Fly-trap. (From Darwin’s “Insectivorous Plants.” Murray. By kind permission of Mr. Francis Darwin, F.R.S.)
|
27
|
|
8.
|
Flower of Valisneria
|
28
|
|
9.
|
Flower of Catasetum
|
30
|
|
10.
|
Flower of Catasetum dissected. (From Darwin’s “Fertilization of Orchids.” Murray. By kind permission of Mr. Francis Darwin, F.R.S.)
|
31
|
|
11.
|
Solitary Wasp stinging Caterpillar. (After Plate III. in Dr. and Mrs. Peckham’s “Solitary Wasps”)
|
75
|
|
12.
|
Solitary Wasp dragging a Caterpillar to its Nest. (After Plate IV. in Dr. Peckham’s “Solitary Wasps”)
|
76
|
|
13.
|
Insect Larvæ: Sitaris, Argyromœba, and Leucopsis. (After Fabre “Souvenirs”)
|
80
|
|
14.
|
Yucca Flower and Moth
|
83
|
|
15.
|
Newly-hatched Chick swimming. (Drawn by Mr. Charles Whymper, after instantaneous photographs and a sketch by the author)
|
85
|
|
16.
|
Nestling Megapode. (From Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe’s “Wonders of the Bird World.” Wells Gardner)
|
87
|
|
17.
|
Cuckoo ejecting Meadow Pipit. (From Mrs. Hugh Blackburn’s sketch in “Birds from Moidart.” David Douglas)
|
91
|
|
18.
|
Leaf-case of Birch-weevil
|
121
|
|
19.
|
Solitary Wasp using a stone as a tool. (After Plate V. in Dr. Peckham’s “Solitary Wasps”)
|
127
|
|
20.
|
Spiders placed by Solitary Wasps in crotches of branching stems. (After Plate X. in Dr. Peckham’s “Solitary Wasps”)
|
133
|
|
21.
|
Fox-terrier lifting the latch of a gate. (Drawn by Mr. Charles Whymper, after a photograph by Miss Alice Worsley)
|
145
|
|
22.
|
Cage used by Dr. Thorndike. (After figure in “Animal Intelligence,” Psychological Review, 1898)
|
148
|
|
23.
|
Diagram illustrating Dr. Thorndike’s Experiments. (Based on data given in his monograph on “Animal Intelligence”)
|
150
|
|
24.
|
Wood ant. (From Shipley’s “Invertebrates.” A. & C. Black)
|
207
|
|
25.
|
Beetle soliciting food from Ant. (After Wasmann. Enlarged)
|
213
|
|
26.
|
Honey-pot Ant. (Enlarged)
|
215
|
ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR
CHAPTER I
ORGANIC BEHAVIOUR
Table of Contents
I.—Behaviour in General
Table of Contents
We commonly use the word “behaviour” with a wide range of meaning. We speak of the behaviour of troops in the field, of the prisoner at the bar, of a dandy in the ball-room. But the chemist and the physicist often speak of the behaviour of atoms and molecules, or that of a gas under changing conditions of temperature and pressure. The geologist tells us that a glacier behaves in many respects like a river, and discusses how the crust of the earth behaves under the stresses to which it is subjected. Weather-wise people comment on the behaviour of the mercury in a barometer as a storm approaches. Instances of a similar usage need not be multiplied. Frequently employed with a moral significance, the word is at least occasionally used in a wider and more comprehensive sense. When Mary, the nurse, returns with the little Miss Smiths from Master Brown’s birthday party, she is narrowly questioned as to their behaviour; but meanwhile their father, the professor, has been discoursing to his students on the behaviour of iron filings in the magnetic field; and his son Jack, of H.M.S. Blunderer, entertains his elder sisters with a graphic description of the behaviour of a first-class battle-ship in a heavy sea.
The word will be employed in the following pages in a wide and comprehensive sense. We shall have to consider, not only the kind of animal behaviour which implies intelligence, sometimes of a high order; not only such behaviour as animal play and courtship, which suggests emotional attributes; but also forms of behaviour which, if not unconscious, seem to lack conscious guidance and control. We shall deal mainly with the behaviour of the animal as a whole, but also incidentally with that of its constituent particles, or cells; and we shall not hesitate to cite (in a parenthetic section) some episodes of plant life as examples of organic behaviour.
Thus broadly used, the term in all cases indicates
