Schöpfung ohne Schöpfer?. Группа авторов

      30 „Constructive development refers to the ability of an organism to shape its own developmental trajectory by constantly responding to, and altering, internal and external states. … Rather, causation also flows back from ‘higher’ (i.e. more complex) levels of organismal organization to the genes (e.g. tissue-specific regulation of gene expression)“ (LALAND et al. 2015, 6).

      31 „The novelty of the EES and the differences with the MS theory become most apparent in the predictions that derive from the EES framework, both with regard to short-term and long-term effects of organismal evolution. The most important predictions concern the following: …“ (MÜLLER 2017, 8)

      32 Wobei zudem die Weitergabe kultureller Elemente keine rein biologische Angelegenheit ist.

      33 Jede Rede von „Richtung“ ist immer auch ein teleomorphes/anthropomorphes Sprachkonstrukt.

      34 „(i) phenotypic accommodation can precede, rather than follow, genetic change, in adaptive evolution

      (ii) novel phenotypic variants will frequently be directional and functional

      (iii) novel, evolutionarily consequential, phenotypic variants will frequently be environmentally induced in multiple individuals

      (iv) strikingly different novel phenotypes can occur, either through mutation of a major regulatory control gene expressed in a tissue-specific manner, or through facilitated variation

      (v) repeated evolution in isolated populations may be due to convergent selection and/or developmental bias

      (vi) in addition to selection, adaptive variants are propagated through repeated environmental induction, non-genetic inheritance, learning and cultural transmission

      (vii) rapid phenotypic evolution can be frequent and can result from the simultaneous induction and selection of functional variants

      (viii) taxonomic diversity will sometimes be better explained by features of developmental systems (evolvability, constraints) than features of environments

      (ix) heritable variation will be systematically biased towards variants that are adaptive and well-integrated with existing aspects of the phenotype

      (x) niche construction will be systematically biased towards environmental changes that are well suited to the constructor’s phenotype, or that of its descendants, and enhance the constructor’s, or its descendant’s, fitness“ (LALAND et al. 2015, 10).

      35 „…. how pre-existing developmental processes generate heritable phenotypic variants from genetic, epigenetic and environmental inputs“ (LALAND et al. 2015, 7).

      36 „… general ability of developmental processes to accommodate novel inputs adaptively, thereby enabling functionally integrated responses to a broad range of conditions“ (LALAND 2015, 9).

      37 Zum Beispiel bei wiederholten gleichartigen Veränderungen von Stichlingen in Nordamerika (LESCAK et al. 2015) oder bei der Ausbildung ähnlicher Formen von Anolis-Eidechsen infolge einer Wiederbesiedlung von Karibischen Inseln nach Zerstörungen durch Hurricanes (LOSOS 2018).